Presence of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by qRT-PCR in samples collected at 3, 5, and 7 days post infection (dpi).^*

*<p>15 pigs were infected with either the A/CA/04/2009 (CA/09) or A/Mexico/4108/2009 (MX/09) pandemic H1N1 virus isolates. Number of pigs positive out of 5 is reported from each group euthanized on 3, 5, or 7 dpi; LN = inguinal lymph node tissue sample.</p

Presence of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by virus isolation in samples collected at 3, 5, and 7 days post infection (dpi).^*

*<p>15 pigs were infected with either the A/CA/04/2009 (CA/09) or A/Mexico/4108/2009 (MX/09) pandemic H1N1 virus isolates. Number of pigs positive out of 5 is reported from each group euthanized on 3, 5, or 7 dpi; LN = inguinal lymph node tissue sample.</p

Influenza A Viruses in Peridomestic Mammals

During recent years, serological evidence has shown that a number of peridomestic mammals (e.g., those commonly found in or around human structures) are naturally exposed to influenza A viruses (IAVs). In addition, experimental studies have demonstrated that many of these species can successfully replicate several different IAVs, including IAVs of high consequence to public or agricultural health. The replication of some IAVs within this group of mammals could have implications for biosecurity associated with poultry production and live bird markets in some regions of the world. Given this evidence, the need for further study and understanding of the role that peridomestic mammals may play in IAV dynamics is increasingly being recognized. This chapter will provide a general overview on IAV associations in peridomestic mammals, especially as they pertain to avian IAVs, and provide some general views and guidelines for sampling these species in various situations

Phylogenetic comparison of the carboxy-terminal region of glycoprotein C (gC) of bovine herpesviruses (BoHV) 1.1, 1.2. and 5 from South America (SA)

Different types and subtypes of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and BoHV-5) have been associated to different clinical conditions of cattle, in such a way that type/subtype differentiation has become an essential too] for understanding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of BoHV infections. In search for a genomic region that would allow a clear distinction between BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, the carboxy-terminal portion of glycoprotein C (gC), corresponding to residues 321-450 (BoHV-1) and 301-429 (BoHV-5) of 23 South American (SA) isolates (Brazil mostly) was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence alignments revealed levels of genomic similarity ranging from 98.7 to 99.8% among BoHV-1 isolates, 88.3 to 92% between BoHV-1/BoHV-5 and 96 to 99.7% among BoHV-5 isolates. At the amino acid level, sequence similarity varied ranging from 97.5 to 99.5% among BoHV-1, 77.5 to 84.4% between BoHV-1/BoHV-5 and 92.1 to 99.5% (BoHV-5/BoHV-5). The isolates could be clearly separated into BoHV-1.1, BoHV-1.2 and BoHV-5 after phylogenetic analysis. The results suggest that the phylogenetic analysis performed here can be used as a potential molecular epidemiological tool for herpesviruses. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1311162