Population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of Aedes aegypti\textit{Aedes aegypti} mosquitoes in West Africa recently gave rise to American and Asian populations of this major disease vector

$\textbf{BACKGROUND}$: The mosquito $\textit{Aedes aegypti}$ is the main vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. This major disease vector is thought to have arisen when the African subspecies $\textit{Ae. aegypti}$ formosus evolved from being zoophilic and living in forest habitats into a form that specialises on humans and resides near human population centres. The resulting domestic subspecies, $\textit{Ae. aegypti aegypti}$, is found throughout the tropics and largely blood-feeds on humans. $\textbf{RESULTS}$: To understand this transition, we have sequenced the exomes of mosquitoes collected from five populations from around the world. We found that $\textit{Ae. aegypti}$ specimens from an urban population in Senegal in West Africa were more closely related to populations in Mexico and Sri Lanka than they were to a nearby forest population. We estimate that the populations in Senegal and Mexico split just a few hundred years ago, and we found no evidence of $\textit{Ae. aegypti aegypti}$ mosquitoes migrating back to Africa from elsewhere in the tropics. The out-of-Africa migration was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in effective population size, resulting in a loss of genetic diversity and rare genetic variants. $\textbf{CONCLUSIONS}$: We conclude that a domestic population of $\textit{Ae. aegypti}$ in Senegal and domestic populations on other continents are more closely related to each other than to other African populations. This suggests that an ancestral population of $\textit{Ae. aegypti }$evolved to become a human specialist in Africa, giving rise to the subspecies $\textit{Ae. aegypti aegypti}$. The descendants of this population are still found in West Africa today, and the rest of the world was colonised when mosquitoes from this population migrated out of Africa. This is the first report of an African population of Ae. aegypti aegypti mosquitoes that is closely related to Asian and American populations. As the two subspecies differ in their ability to vector disease, their existence side by side in West Africa may have important implications for disease transmission.This work was funded by European Research Council grant Drosophila Infection 281668 to FMJ, a KAUST AEA award to FMJ and AP, a Medical Research Council Centenary Award to WJP and a National Institutes of Health Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award to JC

Caractéristiques socio-démographiques dans la filière pâte rouie de manioc au Congo-Brazzaville

Socio-Demographic Characteristics in Die Cassava Paste steeped in Congo-Brazzaville. Cassava roots constitute a basic food in Congo. Its consumption in the form of foufou or chikwangue requires the transformation of the roots to steeped paste. Social dynamics related to the activity of production and marketing of the steeped paste, after investigation into 119 producers showed two markets in Brazzaville draining more than 40 % of the producers and retailers, one market in Pointe - Noire with 60 % of the producers and retailers, and the railroad importance for supplying these markets. Important activities are localised in rural zone more particularly in Mindouli and in Bouenza localities. Formerly forsaken with the women, the die of the steeped paste is more and more occupied by the men especially in Pointe - Noire, particularly in the marketing part considered to be less painful and more profitable. Production and marketing activities are carried out by the young people. Illiterates producers proportion is weak in Brazzaville, but stronger in Pointe - Noire. This study does not establish any bond associating the sex, the age, the instruction and the matrimonial statute in this activity

Diet and growth during the weaning period in 3 communities in developing countries

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Impact of food supplementation from 4-7 months on physical growth of infants in four developing countries

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