GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AND PROTEASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) INEFFICIENCY IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE-2 (HIV-2) IN ABIDJAN, CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Objectives: To analyse the genetic polymorphism of reverse transcriptase and protease genes in patients living with HIV-2, to search for possible mutations preventing the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). Methods: RNA Viral was extracted after lysis of the virus particles and purified on filter columns (Qiagen). After their extraction, DNA fragments were amplified by the method of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) on one hand and by the PCR method enchase on the other hand. The study of genetic polymorphisms in reverse transcriptase and protease was performed after sequencing of amplicons. Results: A significant polymorphism was observed in positions involved in resistance to antiretrovirals. The most frequent was mutations M 46 I, M 36 I/V, V82I, L 89 I on protease and Y 181 I, Y 188 L, G 190A on reverse transcriptase. Conclusion: Polymorphic mutations were observed in the genes of the protease and reverse transcriptase and could be involved in the HIV-2 resistance to antiretrovirals (ARVs). It would be desirable to do the quantification of DNA provirus of HIV-2 in the other for a durable therapeutic monitoring of patients having HIV-2

Isocyanide substitution in octadecacarbonyl hexaosmium

The crystal structures of the two isocyanide substituted hexaosmium clusters, Os6 (CO)18 (CNC6 H4 Me)2 and Os6 (CO)16 (CNCMe3)2 are reported. The former involves both a triple bridging and a terminal isonitrile group whilst the latter is related to the parent carbonyl Os6 (CO)18. The molecular structures are discussed in terms of electronic inequivalences within the metal cluster framework

Conhecimento e significado cultural da menopausa para um grupo de mulheres Conocimiento y significado cultural de la menopausia para un grupo de mujeres Menopause knowledge and experience for a group of women

Este estudo etnográfico, realizado junto a um grupo de mulheres, teve como objetivo verificar o nível de conhecimento sobre a menopausa e compreender como ocorre a vivência deste estágio biológico próprio do sexo feminino. Para a coleta dos dados, usou-se a observação participante, a entrevista, mediante uso de gravador, além de desenhos previamente reproduzidos. A análise foi efetuada com base nos pressupostos teóricos, de método etnográfico e de alguns pressupostos do interpretativismo biográfico. Das narrativas coletadas, extraíram-se as categorias e os temas culturais. Assim, foi possível verificar que o processo da menopausa era entendido como resultante de uma construção singular, estando integrado a uma rede de significados, instituídos pelo grupo, os quais condicionam o conhecimento e a vivência dentro de determinados padrões culturais, entre eles, o fato de que a menopausa significa deixar de ser mulher.<br>Este estudio etnográfico, realizado con un grupo de mujeres, tuvo como objetivo verificar el nivel de conocimiento sobre la menopausia y comprender cómo ocurre la vivencia de este período biológico propio del sexo femenino. Para la recolección de los datos, se usó la observación participante, la entrevista, mediante el uso de una grabadora, además de dibujos previamente reproducidos. El análisis se llevó a cabo con base en las premisas teóricas, del método etnográfico y de algunos del interpretativismo biográfico. De las narrativas recolectadas, se extrajeron las categorías y los temas culturales. De este modo, fue posible verificar que el proceso de la menopausia era entendido como resultado de una construcción singular, estando integrado a una red de significados, instituidos por el grupo, los cuales condicionan el conocimiento y la vivencia dentro de determinados patrones culturales, entre ellos, el hecho de que la menopausia significa dejar de ser mujer.<br>This ethnographic study is aimed at understanding a group of women's knowledge about menopause and how they experience it. The methods used for data collection were participant observation, recorded interviews and previously produced drawings. Data were analyzed based on a theoretical framework using both the ethnographic method and biographic interpretativism. From the narratives the authors obtained the cultural categories and themes. Thus it was possible to conclude that menopause is understood as a result of a unique construction integrated to a network of meanings built by the group that condition knowledge and experience within certain cultural patterns, among them the fact that menopause means leaving womanhood behind