An Investigation of the Phenomenon of Separation in the Air Flow Around Simple Quadric Cylinders

The tests, conducted at the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of Stanford University, to investigate the phenomenon of separation in the air flow past geometric shapes are described in this report

Caveat Viator: The Duty to Wear Seat Belts under Comparative Negligence Law

The first portion of this article will attempt to show that neither judicial nor legislative reluctance, nor its underlying reasoning, is justifiable in light of the current state of law and society. Substantial evidence will be presented to demonstrate the need for our society to adopt the seat belt habit and for the law to recognize and respond to this societal need. Reactions of courts and legislative bodies to suggestions of mandated use are then explored as a preliminary to an analysis of the common law basis for adoption of the seat belt rule. A careful explanation will then be presented regarding introduction and application of the seat belt rule under Washington\u27s comparative negligence law. Finally, it is hoped that the article will be of use to legislators, judges and lawyers alike, not only in Washington, but in all jurisdictions contemplating changes in the law relating to the use and misuse of our insolent chariots

Designing a US Market for CO2

In this paper we focus on one component of the cap-and-trade system: the markets that arise for trading allowances after they have been allocated or auctioned. The efficient functioning of the market is key to the success of cap-and-trade as a system. We review the performance of the EU CO2 market and the US SO2 market and examine how the flexibility afforded by banking and borrowing and the limitations on banking and borrowing have impacted the evolution of price in both markets. While both markets have generally functioned well, certain episodes illustrate the importance of designing the rules to encourage liquidity in the market.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research

Shark Assemblage Structure in the Chesapeake Bight

The role and importance of the Chesapeake Bight region as essential fish habitat for several species of sharks is well represented in primary literature and US fisheries management plans. Diverse assemblages of shark taxa utilize the Chesapeake Bay and adjacent coasts at various stages throughout their lives. As top predators in most of the environments where they occur, sharks are key to maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems. The estuarine waters of the Chesapeake Bay are exposed to extreme ranges in temperature and salinity, and consequently the environmental suitability of the Bay is spatially and temporally restricted to select taxa. By identifying shark assemblages in the Chesapeake Bight region we aim to: 1) provide spatial and temporal profiles of assemblage structures, 2) identify environmental factors that influence assemblage composition, and 3) provide a tool for measuring the effects of climate change on highly migratory species in the Mid-Atlantic. Shark assemblage structures were inferred from VIMS fishery-independent longline catch data. Fifteen species were represented in Bay and coastal waters between 1996 and 2009, dominated by sandbar (62%) Atlantic sharpnose (16%) and smooth dogfish (11%). Analyses revealed seasonal variations in Bay and coastal assemblage structures, and possible contributing factors as well as local impacts will be discussed. This information is essential for further investigations into climate change effects on shark migration phenology in the Chesapeake Bight, and is useful data for ecosystem-based approaches to marine resource management

Designing a U.S. Market for CO2

Abstract and PDF report are also available on the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://globalchange.mit.edu/).In this paper we focus on one component of the cap-and-trade system: the markets that arise for trading allowances after they have been allocated or auctioned. The efficient functioning of the market is key to the success of cap-and-trade as a system. We review the performance of the EU CO2 market and the U.S. SO2 market and examine how the flexibility afforded by banking and borrowing, and the limitations on banking and borrowing, have impacted the evolution of price in both markets. While both markets have generally functioned well, certain episodes illustrate the importance of designing the rules to encourage liquidity in the market.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change through a consortium of industrial sponsors and Federal grants. This research was also supported by a grant from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation

Functional Identification Of A Leishmania Gene Related To The Peroxin 2 Gene Reveals Common Ancestry Of Glycosomes And Peroxisomes

Glycosomes are membrane-bounded microbody organelles that compartmentalize glycolysis as well as other important metabolic processes in trypanosomatids, The compartmentalization of these enzymatic reactions is hypothesized to play a crucial role in parasite physiology, Although the metabolic role of glycosomes differs substantially from that of the peroxisomes that are found in other eukaryotes, similarities in signals targeting proteins to these organelles suggest that glycosomes and peroxisomes may have evolved from a common ancestor, To examine this hypothesis, as well as gain insights into the function of the glycosome, we used a positive genetic selection procedure to isolate the first Leishmania mutant (gim1-1 [glycosome import] mutant) with a defect in the import of glycosomal proteins, The mutant retains glycosomes but mislocalizes a subset glycosomal proteins to the cytoplasm, Unexpectedly, the gim1-1 mutant lacks lipid bodies, suggesting a heretofore unknown role of the glycosome. We used genetic approaches to identify a gene, GIM1, that is able to restore import and lipid bodies, A nonsense mutation was found in one allele of this gene in the mutant line, The predicted Gim1 protein is related the peroxin 2 family of integral membrane proteins, which are required for peroxisome biogenesis, The similarities in sequence and function provide strong support for the common origin model of glycosomes and peroxisomes. The novel phenotype of gim1-1 and distinctive role of Leishmania glycosomes suggest that future studies of this system will provide a new perspective on microbody biogenesis and function