Social and Community Psychiatry and Its Effect on the Family

Without further detailing the methodology, I would like to emphasize one point, i.e., a psychiatric crisis need no longer be considered the point of departure for a family member, but rather can be regarded as an entrée for helping the entire family to cope with interpersonal conflicts. With the kind of help offered in a mental health center, families as total units can often attain a better adjustment than before, and the illness stemming from interpersonal difficulty will not rest entirely on the scapegoat member. In summary, I should like to emphasize that modern psychiatry is beginning to see the family rather than the individual as the fundamental psycho-social unit for both diagnosis and treatment of disorders. At the same time, community mental health centers are bringing facilities back into the community as a means of repairing rather than rupturing families

Comparison of dermal and inhalation routes of entry for organic chemicals

The quantitative comparison of the chemical concentration inside the body as the result of a dermal exposure versus an inhalation exposure is useful for assessing human health risks and deciding on an appropriate protective posture. In order to describe the relationship between dermal and inhalation routes of exposure, a variety of organic chemicals were evaluated. The types of chemicals chosen for the study were halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, non-polar hydrocarbons and inhalation anesthetics. Both dermal and inhalation exposures were conducted in rats and the chemicals were in the form of vapors. Prior to the dermal exposure, rat fur was closely clipped and during the exposure rats were provided fresh breathing air through latex masks. Blood samples were taken during 4-hour exposures and analyzed for the chemical of interest. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to predict permeability constants (cm/hr) consistent with the observed blood concentrations of the chemical. The ratio of dermal exposure to inhalation exposure required to achieve the same internal dose of chemical was calculated for each test chemical. The calculated ratio in humans ranged from 18 for styrene to 1180 for isoflurane. This methodology can be used to estimate the dermal exposure required to reach the internal dose achieved by a specific inhalation exposure. Such extrapolation is important since allowable exposure standards are often set for inhalation exposures, but occupational exposures may be dermal

Some steady and oscillating airfoil test results, including the effects of sweep, from the tunnel spanning wing

A large scale tunnel spanning wing was built and tested. The model can be operated as either a swept or unswept wing and can be tested in steady state or oscillated sinusoidally in pitch about its quarter chord. Data is taken at mid-span with an internal 6-component balance and is also obtained from miniature pressure transducers distributed near the center span region. A description is given of the system and a brief discussion of some of the steady and unsteady results obtained to date. These are the steady load behavior to Mach numbers of approximately 1.1 and unsteady loads, including drag, at a reduced frequency of approximately 0.1

Effect of oil in multiphase flow on corrosion product film in large horizontal pipeline

The properties of corrosion product film formed on carbon steel pipelines under saltwater-oil-CO 2 multiphase flow are examined by AC impedance methods. Experiments are performed in a 101.6 cm I.D., 10 m long pipeline. Experimental results show that there are two reactions on the steel surface in saltwater-oil mixture. One is charge transfer, and the other is diffusion. By calculation of charge transfer resistance, R t , and Warburg impedance coefficient, r, it is found that, R t in saltwater-oil mixture is much higher than that in saltwater. In saltwater-oil mixture, R t and r increase with immersion time. It is suggested that the porous corrosion film occurs on the surface of the steel, and that the film becomes compact when the immersion time increases. The longer the exposure time, the more compact the film, resulting in that the corrosion rate becomes lower. Die Eigenschaften des Korrosionsproduktfilmes, der sich an Rohrleitungen aus unlegiertem Stahl in Salzwasser-O È l-CO 2 -Mehrphasenstro Èmungen bildet, wurde mit Hilfe von AC Impedanz-Methoden untersucht. Die Versuche erfolgten in einer 10 m langen Rohrleitung mit einem Innendurchmesser von 101,6 mm. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, daû es auf der Stahloberfla Èche in der Salzwasser-O È l-Mischung zwei Reaktionen gibt: den Ladungstransport und die Diffusion. Durch Berechnung des Ladungstransportwiderstandes, R t , und des Warburg-Impedanzkoeffizienten, r, wurde festgestellt, daû R t in der Salzwasser-O È l-Mischung wesentlich ho Èher ist als im Salzwasser. In der Salzwasser-O È l-Mischung steigen R t und r mit der Tauchdauer an. Es wird angenommen, daû sich der auf der Stahloberfla Èche bildende poro Èse Korrosionsfilm mit zunehmender Tauchdauer verdichtet. Je la Ènger die Auslagerungszeit umso kompakter wird der Film, was zu einer verminderten Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit fu Èhrt

Reproductive Failure in UK Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena : Legacy of Pollutant Exposure?

This research was supported by a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the Seventh European Community Framework Programme (Project Cetacean-stressors, PIOF-GA-2010-276145 to PDJ and SM). Additional funding was provided through the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) (Grants SSFA/2008 and SSFA / ASCOBANS / 2010 / 5 to SM). Analysis of Scottish reproductive and teeth samples was funded by the EC-funded BIOCET project (BIOaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in small CETaceans in European waters: transport pathways and impact on reproduction, grant EVK3-2000-00027 to GJP), and Marine Scotland (GJP). Samples examined in this research were collected under the collaborative Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (http://ukstrandings.org/), which is funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the UK’s Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales (http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Defaul​t.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=No​ne&Completed=0&ProjectID=15331) (grants to PDJ, RD). UK Defra also funded the chemical analysis under a service-level agreement with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (grants to RJL, JB). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS BETWEEN LITHIUM AND LEAD. V. BRILLOUIN POLYHEDRA OF THE VARIOUS PHASES

Brillouin polyhedra for the intermetallic compounds of lithium and lead were determined using the zone theory. From these determinations, predictions and explanations of some electromagmetic and structural properties of the intermetallic compounds were made. (For Part IV see UCRL-4973.) (C.J.G.

Small cetacean bycatch as estimated from stranding schemes: The common dolphin case in the northeast Atlantic

Death in fishing gear of non-target species (called ‘bycatch’) is a major concern for marine wildlife, and mostly worrying for long-lived species like cetaceans, considering their demographic characteristics (slow population growth rates and low fecundity). In European waters, cetaceans are highly impacted by this phenomenon. Under the Common Fishery Policy, the EC 812/2004 regulation constitutes a legal frame for bycatch monitoring on 5–10% of fishing vessels >15 m. The aim of this work was to compare parameters and bycatch estimates of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) provided by observer programmes in France and UK national reports and those inferred from stranding data, through two approaches. Bycatch was estimated from stranding data, first by correcting effectives from drift conditions (using a drift prediction model) and then by estimating the probability of being buoyant. Observer programmes on fishing vessels allowed us to identify the specificity of the interaction between common dolphins and fishing gear, and provided low estimates of annual bycaught animals (around 550 animals year−1). However, observer programmes are hindered by logistical and administrative constraints, and the sampling scheme seems to be poorly designed for the detection of marine mammal bycatches. The analyses of strandings by considering drift conditions highlighted areas with high levels of interactions between common dolphins and fisheries. Since 1997, the highest densities of bycaught dolphins at sea were located in the southern part of the continental shelf and slope of the Bay of Biscay. Bycatch numbers inferred from strandings suggested very high levels, ranging from 3650 dolphins year−1 [2250–7000] to 4700 [3850–5750] dolphins year−1, depending on methodological choices. The main advantage of stranding data is its large spatial scale, cutting across administrative boundaries. Diverging estimates between observer programmes and stranding interpretation can set very different management consequences: observer programmes suggest a sustainable situation for common dolphins, whereas estimates based on strandings highlight a very worrying and unsustainable process

Immunization with the C-domain of α-toxin prevents lethal infection, localizes tissue injury, and promotes host response to challenge with Clostridium perfringens

© 2004 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is characterized by rapid tissue destruction, impaired host response, and, often, death. Phospholipase C (α-toxin) is the virulence factor most responsible for these pathologies. The present study investigated the efficacy of active immunization with the C-terminal domain of α-toxin (Cpa247–370) in a murine model of gas gangrene. Primary end points of the study were survival, progression of infection, and tissue perfusion. Secondary end points, which were based on findings of histologic evaluation of tissues, included the extent of tissue destruction and microvascular thrombosis, as well as the magnitude of the tissue inflammatory response. Survival among C-domain–immunized animals was significantly greater than that among sham-immunized control animals. Furthermore, immunization with the C-domain localized the infection and prevented ischemia of the feet. Histopathologic findings demonstrated limited muscle necrosis, reduced microvascular thrombosis, and enhanced granulocytic influx in C-domain–immunized mice. We conclude that immunization with the C-domain of phospholipase C is a viable strategy for the prevention of morbidity and mortality associated with C. perfringens gas gangrene