Synthesis of Rice Straw and Coconut Shell-Based Bio Briquettes as an Alternative Energy

This comparison of composition and particle size of bio briquettes from the raw material of the rice straw-coconut shell mixture can produce solid fuels with high calorific value and minimum pollutants. This study aims to synthesize bio briquettes based on a mixture of rice straw and coconut shells, to find the best composition to obtain high-calorie bio briquettes. In the first stage, analyzing bio briquettes with a composition ratio of rice straw-coconut shells are 90:10; 80:20: 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; 20:80 and the particle size (mesh) are 20, 60, 100, 140 and 170. Determine the characteristics of the bio briquette, it consists of inherent matter (IM), volatile matter (VM), ash content (AC), fixed carbon (FC), and calorific value (CV). From the analysis results obtained data that accordance to SNI 01-6235-2000, namely the ratio of rice straw and coconut shell mixture of 55:45 with a particle size of 98 mesh obtained CV of  5005 cal/g, IM of 7.0985%, VM of 26,3971%, AC of 22,2198%, FC of 44,2421%

Bioethanol Production from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa by Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation Method

Starch can be found in microalgae, the raw material for the third generation of bioethanol production. One of them is C. pyrenoidosa. This study was conducted to analyze the efect o α-amylase enzyme concentration on the glucose contents produced and the efects o ermentation time on bioethanol contents produced. The hydrolysis process o this study was conducted using an α-amylase enzyme produced by A. niger. Several analyses in this research were carried out, including the analysis of enzyme activity using the Fuwa method, the analysis of glucose levels from enzymatic hydrolysis using the DNS method, and the analysis of bioethanol contents using the density method and GC-MS. The highest glucose content was 0.67 mg/mL, which was obtained from the addition o 40% (v/w) α-amylase enzyme, and the yield o bioethanol content rom the sample treated 40% (v/w) α-amylase enzyme and fermented for 9 days was the optimum, which produced 28.07% of bioethanol content

Ekstraksi Kulit Jeruk Manis Bahan Pewangi Alami Pada Pembuatan Lilin Aromaterapi

Kulit jeruk manis merupakan limbah yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi dan dapat di manfaatkan kembali. kulit jeruk manis dapat menghasilkan minyak atsiri. Minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan digunakan pada industri kecantikan dan parfum sebagai komponen utama. Komponen – komponen minyak atsiri pada kulit jeruk manis adalah terpen, sesquiterpen, aldehida, ester, dan sterol 3. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menghasilkan minyak atsiri dari ekstrak kulit jeruk manis agar dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti sintetik pada lilin aromaterapi. Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa bubuk kulit jeruk manis. Proses pengambilan minyak dalam kulit jeruk dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi sokletasi dimana dilakukan dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi selama 1,2 dan 3 jam menggunakan pelarut n-heksana pada suhu 70℃ dan 75℃ dengan rasio bahan baku terhadap pelarut sebesar 1:10. Pada proses sokletasi ini menghasilkan yield sebesar 39% dengan kadar limonene sebesar 98,70% yang diuji menggunakan metode Analisa Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectometry (GC-MS). Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan uji organoleptic berupa uji terhadap bau, warna, bentuk, Uji kesukaan terhadap 25 orang responden serta uji titik leleh terhadap lilin aroma terapi dengan menggunakan metode pipa kapiler. Pada Analisa uji organoleptic menunjukkan dengan penambahan 4% konsentrasi ekstrak minyak kulit jeruk manis pada lilin aromaterapi sudah mampu menghasilkan produk lilin dengan bentuk yang tidak retak, patah maupun cacat dann menghasilkan aroma khas jeruk. Pada uji kesukaan yang dilakukan pada 25 orang responden, didapatkan skala nilai hedonic sebesar 3,88 (cukup tertarik). Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan rendemen minyak terbanyak pada waktu 2 jam dengan suhu 75ºC sebanyak 39,5%

Bioethanol production from coconut husk using DES-NADES pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis method

Bioethanol is an alternative fuel produced during biomass fermentation. Among the available biomass resources for bioethanol production, coconut husk is an interesting raw material due to its high cellulose content. This study aims to evaluate the coconut husk conversion into bioethanol using DES (ChCl:MEA) and NADES (Be:La) solvents for the delignication process. The molar ratios of HBA and HBD of the two solvents were varied (1:4, 1:6, 1:8) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h for each ratio. The deligni- ed samples were hydrolyzed using the 5% (w/w) of cellulase enzymes and fermented for seven days using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that DES (ChCl:MEA) and NADES (Be:La) could remove lignin at about 60.53% and 65.81%. The glucose content was obtained at 0.5% (brix) by both solvents and bioethanol content was obtained at 13.9% and 14% (v/v) for DES and NADES, respectively

Bioethanol Production from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa by Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation Method

Starch can be found in microalgae, the raw material for the third generation of bioethanol production. One of them is C. pyrenoidosa. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of α-amylase enzyme concentration on the glucose contents produced and the effects of fermentation time on bioethanol contents produced. The hydrolysis process of this study was conducted using an α-amylase enzyme produced by A. niger. Several analyses in this research were carried out, including the analysis of enzyme activity using the Fuwa method, the analysis of glucose levels from enzymatic hydrolysis using the DNS method, and the analysis of bioethanol contents using the density method and GC-MS. The highest glucose content was 0.67 mg/mL, which was obtained from the addition of 40% (v/w) α-amylase enzyme, and the yield of bioethanol content from the sample treated 40% (v/w) α-amylase enzyme and fermented for 9 days was the optimum, which produced 28.07% of bioethanol content

Biofuel Production from Rubber Seeds by Pyrolysis Method using Natural Zeolite Catalyst

Rubber seed is rubber plant waste that has the potential as a source of bioenergy. Rubber seed contains 40-50% oil, and rubber seed shell contains lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Rubber and rubber seed shells can be converted into biofuel through the Pyrolysis Process. Pyrolysis is biomass decomposition with heat assistance without oxygen at 250oC-600oC. This research aimed to analyze the characteristics of biofuel products. This research was conducted using a pyrolysis reactor by controlling the temperature at 250oC, 300oC, 350oC, 400oC, and 450oC. The characteristics of biofuel produced in this study include density (1.0646 gr/ml), viscosity (5.417 mm2/s), flash point (88ºC), moisture content (30.4%), calorific value (7451.3997 Cal/g), and cetane number (32.9). Based on the results of biofuel analysis using GC-MS, the C atom chain was dominated by C5-C15 compounds at 44.41%. &nbsp

Effect of Dilute Acid - Alkaline Pretreatment on Rice Husk Composition and Hydrodynamic Modeling with CFD

The high cellulosic content of rice husk can be utilized as a feedstock for pulp and biofuel. Pretreatment is necessary to break the bonds in the complex lignocellulose matrices addressing the cellulose access. This work aims to utilize the rice husk using dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment experimentally and CFD modeling. The study consists of three series of research. The first stage was the dilute acid pretreatment with sulfuric acid concentration of 1% to 5% (v/v) at 85°C for 60 minutes, and alkaline pretreatment with NaOH concentration of 1% to 5% (w/v) at 85oC for 30 minutes separately. The second stage used the combination of both pretreatment. Moreover the last stage of research was hydrodynamic modeling of pretreatment process by CFD (ANSYS FLUENT 16). The experimental results showed that the lowest lignin content after acid pretreatment was about 10.74%. Alkaline pretreatment produced the lowest lignin content of 4.35%. The highest cellulose content was 66.75 % for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest content of lignin was about 6.09% for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest performance of alkaline pretreatment on HWS (hot water solubility) of about 7.34% can be enhanced to 9.71% by using a combination alkaline-acid. The combined pretreatments result hemicellulose of about 9.59% (alkaline-acid) and 9.27% (acid-alkaline). Modeling results showed that the mixing area had the minimum pressure of about -6250 Pa which is vortex leading minimum efficiency of mixing. The rice husk flowed upward to the upper level and mixed with reagent in the perfect mixing. &nbsp