Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides

Imperial Users onl

Milton Keynes Family-Nurse Partnership: Wave 2A '<i>Collaborative Working with Children's Centres'; a service evaluation</i>

This document reports a qualitative study of experiences with and attitudes towards the Family Nurse Partnership pilot programme in Milton Keynes, focusing on the ways in which the programme has been operating in conjunction with other services for parents with young children, especially young mothers, and the role of the programme in developing client autonomy. The study was carried out in 2010. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with the members of the Family Nurse team, with clients, with local Sure Start Children’s Centre Coordinators and with practitioners in other services associated with the work of the Centres and the FNP team. In all, 37 people were interviewed, including the 7 FNP team members, 15 clients, 5 Children’s Centre coordinators and 10 practitioners in associated services.Opinions about the conduct and efficacy of the FNP pilot scheme were consistently very favourable, with the members of the team, and the scheme materials and practices being held in high regard, both by clients and other services involved. The strengths-based approach was especially valued. Some further development possibilities were identified, concerning the relatively low level of communication that was being achieved between the FNP and other services, and about the perceived inaccessibility to other practitioners of the specific programme-based activities used with FNP clients. These were widely seen as being of potentially great benefit to practitioners outside the scheme.The necessity of understanding the complexity and depth of the needs of young parents also emerged as a core theme, linked with the need to tailor ways of working and offering services so as to avoid stigmatization and hence putting up barriers to client participation. Some concerns were expressed that the fact of being a teenage mother does not in itself always carry a high need association, especially where adequate family and community support is in place, and that needs may also be great in less-young parents where such support is lacking or other risk factors are present.Clients were especially appreciative of the value to them of the close, sustained and supportive relationships that had been established with their Family Nurses. Availability, both practically and emotionally, also emerged as a key factor in client satisfaction and in the maintenance of clients in the programme.Recommendations are made for development opportunities based on the findings of this study

Rereading women's magazines : the feminist identity of Best, Bella and Take a Break.

In this thesis the attraction of women's weekly magazines to their readers was explored. Three bestselling titles in Britain, Best, Bella and Take a Break, were analysed for their production, content and reception using Hall's (1980) encoding/decoding model as a theoretical framework. The production of the magazines was addressed via interviews with the three editors and documentary sources, all placed within an environment of postfeminism which characterised the magazines' launches. The editors claimed their publications were intended to act as more than entertainment to the readers and identified Best, Bella and Take a Break as incorporating feminist elements. This feminism was interpreted as an attempt to support working class women in their struggles with everyday life via two distinct approaches: first, to offer advice, reassurance and information in the editorial (for example health, articles on employment and finance) and second, to give women a voice in the true life stories from which other readers could draw strength. The editors' intentions for Best, Bella and Take a Break were realised (although with different results for each magazine) in the content, which was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It was found that despite the potential ambiguity of certain content, the magazines nevertheless incorporated a supportive feminist agenda, but this was not always recognised by the readers. Over one hundred women were interviewed individually or in focus groups and it was found that they interpreted the magazines in a number of ways. This finding expanded on Hall's original three decoding positions of accept, negotiate and oppose. Although readers did not necessarily decode the magazines as intended by the editors, further evidence for the supportive feminism was apparent in the community ethos generated by the sharing of magazines amongst readers. It was also found that the trust and mediated interaction between a reader and her magazine further encouraged a sense of community. It was concluded that Best, Bella and Take a Break were offering a supportive feminist agenda to their readers, some of whom recognised and used this content in their everyday lives

Evaluating health visitor assessments of mother–infant interactions: a mixed methods study

Background: Given the significance of reliably detecting cases where mother–infant relationships are not developing successfully, it is important that initial assessment processes are as sensitive and specific as possible. Objectives: This study sought to examine the processes by which health visitors identify problems in mother–infant relationships in the post-natal period. Design: Mixed methods. Settings: Two universities and two primary care trusts. Participant: In Phase One 17 first-time mothers and their 6- to 16-week-old infants were recruited. In Phase Two, a sample of 12 health visitors participated. Methods: The study incorporated two data collection phases. In Phase One, each mother’s interaction with her baby was video-recorded for 20 min in an observation laboratory. The video-recordings were coded and resultant data were analysed to derive a number of quantitative measures of interaction quality, including mothers’ responsiveness and sensitivity to their infants as rated by the Global Ratings Scales (GRS) of Mother–Infant Interaction. In Phase Two, 12 health visitors rated and assessed 9 clips of the video-recorded mother–infant interactions. The rationales for their ratings were then explored through in-depth interviews. Health visitor ratings of the video clips were compared to the GRS ratings. The relationship between the main focus of each health visitor rating, as reported in the interview, and the consistency of ratings with the GRS ratings were then investigated. Results: Correlations between individual health visitors’ ratings and the GRS ratings ranged from .17 to .83 and were statistically significant in only four cases. There was a weak relationship with health visitors’ years of experience (rs = .47, NS). When explaining their judgements, health visitors tended to comment on the mother’s behaviours or the relationship between the mother and baby and often ignored the behaviour of the baby. There was a highly significant relationship between the consistency of health visitor/GRS ratings and the number of references to the baby in the health visitors’ explanations (rs = .75, p = .005). Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of how health visitors make assessments of mother–infant interactions. The frequent lack of attention and reference to the baby’s behaviour suggests an area for further training

One filter, one sample and the N- and O-glyco(proteo)me: towards a system to study disorders of protein glycosylation. : Toward a System to Study Disorders of Protein Glycosylation

A method has been developed for release/isolation of O-glycans from glycoproteins in whole cell lysates for mass spectrometric analysis. Cells are lysed in SDS, which is then exchanged for urea and ammonium bicarbonate in a centrifugal filter, before treating with NH4OH to release O-glycans. Following centrifugation, O-glycans are recovered in the filtrate. Sonication achieves O-glycan release in 1 h. Combining the established protocol for filter-aided N-glycan separation, here optimized for enhanced PNGase F efficiency, with the developed O-glycan release method allows analysis of both N- and O-glycans from one sample, in the same filter unit, from 0.5 to 1 million cells. The method is compatible with subsequent analysis of the residual protein by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) after glycan release. The medium throughput approach is amenable to analysis of biological replicates, offering a simple way to assess the often subtle changes to glycan profiles accompanying differentiation and disease progression, in a statistically robust way

Evaluation of a Novel Approach for Reducing Emissions of Pharmaceuticals to the Environment

Increased interest over the levels of pharmaceuticals detected in the environment has led to the need for new approaches to manage their emissions. Inappropriate disposal of unused and waste medicines and release from manufacturing plants are believed to be important pathways for pharmaceuticals entering the environment. In situ treatment technologies, which can be used on-site in pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, and at manufacturing plants, might provide a solution. In this study we explored the use of Pyropure, a microscale combined pyrolysis and gasification in situ treatment system for destroying pharmaceutical wastes. This involved selecting 17 pharmaceuticals, including 14 of the most thermally stable compounds currently in use and three of high environmental concern to determine the technology’s success in waste destruction. Treatment simulation studies were done on three different waste types and liquid, solid, and gaseous emissions from the process were analyzed for parent pharmaceutical and known active transformation products. Gaseous emissions were also analyzed for NOx, particulates, dioxins, furans, and metals. Results suggest that Pyropure is an effective treatment process for pharmaceutical wastes: over 99 % of each study pharmaceutical was destroyed by the system without known active transformation products being formed during the treatment process. Emissions of the other gaseous air pollutants were within acceptable levels. Future uptake of the system, or similar in situ treatment approaches, by clinics, pharmacists, and manufacturers could help to reduce the levels of pharmaceuticals in the environment and reduce the economic and environmental costs of current waste management practices

Detection of opium alkaloids in a Cypriot base-ring juglet

A method has been developed for extracting poppy alkaloids from oily matrices, specifically lipid residues associated with archaeological ceramics. The protocol has been applied to fresh and artificially aged poppyseed oil and to residue from a Late Bronze Age Cypriot juglet in the collections of the British Museum. The juglet is of a type that has been linked with ancient trade in opium due to its poppy-head shape and wide distribution; it is a rare example of an intact vessel with contents sealed inside. Bulk analysis of the residue by GC-EI-MS and pyGC-EI-MS indicated a degraded plant oil and possible presence of papaverine. Analysis of the alkaloid extracts by HPLC-ESI-MS using both triple quadrupole and FTICR mass spectrometers detected the five primary opium alkaloids in fresh poppyseed oil and papaverine in most of the aged samples. Papaverine and thebaine were detected in the juglet residue, providing the first rigorous chemical evidence to support a link between this vessel type and opium, or at least poppies. The association of opium with oil raises new questions about the ancient purpose of the commodities within these vessels, and the low levels (ng g−1) of opiates detected in this unusually well-preserved residue shed doubt on the scope for their detection in more fragmentary ceramic remains (potsherds). Papaverine was found to exhibit challenging carryover behaviour in all the analytical methods used in this study. The phenomenon has not been reported before and should be considered in future analyses of this analyte in all application areas

Metabolomic approaches to studying the response to drought stress in corn (Zea mays) cobs

Metabolomics is a technique that allows for the evaluation of the entire extractable chemical profile of a plant, for example, using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and can be used to evaluate plant stress responses, such as those due to drought. Metabolomic analysis is dependent upon the efficiency of the extraction protocol. Currently, there are two common extraction procedures widely used in metabolomic experiments, those that extract from plant tissue processed in liquid nitrogen or extraction from lyophilised plant tissues. Here, we evaluated the two using non-targeted metabolomics to show that lyophilisation can stabilise the maize (Zea mays) extractable metabolome, increasing throughput and efficiency of extraction as compared to the more traditional processing in liquid nitrogen. Then, we applied the lyophilisation approach to explore the effect of drought upon the maize metabolome in a non-targeted HRMS metabolomics approach. Metabolomics revealed differences in the mature maize metabolome having undergone three drought conditions imposed at two critical development stages (three-leaf stage and grain-fill stage); moreover, this difference was observed across two tissue types (kernel and inner cob/pith). It was shown that under ideal conditions, the biochemical make-up of the tissue types is different. However, under stress conditions, the stress response dominates the metabolic profile. Drought-related metabolites known from other plant systems have been identified and metabolomics has revealed potential novel drought-stress indicators in our maize system