Susceptibility of a cyst and a root-knot nematode to three nematode-trapping fungi

Il est démontré que deux champignons prédateurs de nématodes, #Arthrobotrys haptotyla et #A. thaumasi, ont préférentiellement piégé et colonisé #Meloidogyne javanica plutôt que #Heterodera schachtii tant dans des pots contenant un limon argileux que sur milieu gélosé en boîtes de Petri. Par contre, les deux nématodes ont montré une sensibilité équivalente à celle d'#Arthrobotrys dactyloides dans le sol et presque équivalente sur gélose. Le fait que #A. haptotyla et #A. thaumasia forment des pièges adhésifs tandis que #A. dactyloides n'en forme pas - d'autres observations indiquant des types de sensibilité identiques - suggère que les nématodes galligènes pourraient être en général sensibles aux champignons formant des pièges adhésifs tandis que les nématodes à kystes y seraient résistants. L'action de #A. haptotyla$doit être notée : il s'est en effet très fortement développé (supérieur à 10 000 propagules/g de sol), il a inhibé substantiellement (supérieur à 90$, et il a été possible de quantifier son activité parasitaire par extraction des nématodes piégés dans le sol. (Résumé d'auteur

Defining the Critical Hurdles in Cancer Immunotherapy

ABSTRACT: Scientific discoveries that provide strong evidence of antitumor effects in preclinical models often encounter significant delays before being tested in patients with cancer. While some of these delays have a scientific basis, others do not. We need to do better. Innovative strategies need to move into early stage clinical trials as quickly as it is safe, and if successful, these therapies should efficiently obtain regulatory approval and widespread clinical application. In late 2009 and 2010 the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), convened an "Immunotherapy Summit" with representatives from immunotherapy organizations representing Europe, Japan, China and North America to discuss collaborations to improve development and delivery of cancer immunotherapy. One of the concepts raised by SITC and defined as critical by all parties was the need to identify hurdles that impede effective translation of cancer immunotherapy. With consensus on these hurdles, international working groups could be developed to make recommendations vetted by the participating organizations. These recommendations could then be considered by regulatory bodies, governmental and private funding agencies, pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions to facilitate changes necessary to accelerate clinical translation of novel immune-based cancer therapies. The critical hurdles identified by representatives of the collaborating organizations, now organized as the World Immunotherapy Council, are presented and discussed in this report. Some of the identified hurdles impede all investigators, others hinder investigators only in certain regions or institutions or are more relevant to specific types of immunotherapy or first-in-humans studies. Each of these hurdles can significantly delay clinical translation of promising advances in immunotherapy yet be overcome to improve outcomes of patients with cancer