Korean sibling caregivers of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia

Siblings of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are an important source of family caregiving. Unfortunately, limited information is available about sibling caregivers because existing studies have focused on other family relationships such as parents, spouses, and children. To fill the knowledge gap, the purpose of this study is to describe Korean sibling caregivers’ experience with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Guided by Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological methodology, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with eight individuals who have a sibling (1) diagnosed with schizophrenia and (2) hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric unit. We discerned six key themes: sorrow, burnout, shame, different perspectives in life, acceptance, and responsibility. We categorized these themes into three groups: suffering, hope, and responsibility and obligation. Sibling caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia experience a mixture of several emotions. Participants loved their brother or sister with schizophrenia, but at the same time they felt shame and fear. While they were burdened by the responsibilities of caregiving, they remained loyal to their sibling with schizophrenia, continuing to help their siblings reach their full potential. Although participants were confused about the symptoms of schizophrenia, they were committed to learning more about the illness. Because we conducted the current study in Korea, the findings of this study may be unique to Korea culture. Further studies are needed to compare and contrast nuanced differences in sibling caregivers’ experience among different cultural groups

Laser Doppler velocimetry for continuous flow solar-pumped iodine laser system

A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system was employed to measure the flow velocity profile of iodide vapor inside laser tubes of 36 mm ID and 20 mm ID. The LDV, which was operated in the forward scatter mode used a low power (15 mW) He-Ne laser beam. Velocity ranges from 1 m/s was measured to within one percent accuracy. The flow velocity profile across the laser tube was measured and the intensity of turbulence was determined. The flow of iodide inside the laser tube demonstrated a mixture of both turbulence and laminar flow. The flowmeter used for the laser system previously was calibrated with the LDV and found to be in good agreement

Sequential Symbolic Regression with Genetic Programming

This chapter describes the Sequential Symbolic Regression (SSR) method, a new strategy for function approximation in symbolic regression. The SSR method is inspired by the sequential covering strategy from machine learning, but instead of sequentially reducing the size of the problem being solved, it sequentially transforms the original problem into potentially simpler problems. This transformation is performed according to the semantic distances between the desired and obtained outputs and a geometric semantic operator. The rationale behind SSR is that, after generating a suboptimal function f via symbolic regression, the output errors can be approximated by another function in a subsequent iteration. The method was tested in eight polynomial functions, and compared with canonical genetic programming (GP) and geometric semantic genetic programming (SGP). Results showed that SSR significantly outperforms SGP and presents no statistical difference to GP. More importantly, they show the potential of the proposed strategy: an effective way of applying geometric semantic operators to combine different (partial) solutions, avoiding the exponential growth problem arising from the use of these operators

Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Control of Ni-Oxygen Adducts with Organic Substrates

The reactivity of mononuclear metal-O2 adducts, such as metal-superoxo and -peroxo species, has long fascinated researchers in many areas due to the significance of diverse biological and catalytic processes. To understand how the nature of the ligand influences reactivity patterns of the metal-O2 complexes, recently, a systematic study of the relationship between reactivity and ring size of ligand was undertaken for a series of metal-O2 complexes bearing N-tetramethylated macrocyclic chelates in biomimetic chemistry. In this study, the two ligands, CHDAP and Me3-TPADP, were designed and reactivity of Ni-O2 species bearing each ligand was investigated in part I and part II, respectively. For comparison of reactivity according to a steric effect, a set of nickel(III)-peroxo complexes bearing tetraazamacrocyclic ligands, [NiIII(CHDAP)(O2)]+ and [NiIII(TBDAP)(O2)]+, were prepared and fully characterized by various physicochemical methods. The different steric properties of the supporting ligands were confirmed by X-ray crystallography where the CHDPA ligand gives enough space around the Ni-O2 core compared to the TBDAP ligand. In the aldehyde deformylation reaction, the nucleophilic reactivity of the nicke(III)-peroxo complexes was highly dependent on the steric properties of the macrocyclic ligands, with the reactivity order of [NiIII(TBDAP)(O2)]+ < [NiIII(CHDAP)(O2)]+. This result provides fundamental insight into the mechanism of the structure (steric) – reactivity relationship of metal-peroxo intermediates. In part II, the Me3-TPADP ligand was synthesized, and the starting complex, [NiII(Me3-TPADP)(CH3CN)2]2+ (3), and Ni-O2 intermediate, [NiIII(Me3-TPADP)(O2)]+ (4), were prepared and successfully characterized by various methods. Also, the kinetic result of 4 was obtained with external organic substrates. ⓒ 2015 DGISTPart I. A Steric Effect on the Nucleophilic Reactivity of Nickel(III)-O2 Complex 1-- I. Introduction 2-- II. Experimental Section 7-- II-1. Materials and Instrumentation 7-- II-2. Synthesis of Pyridinophan Type Ligands 8-- II-2-a. Pyridine-2,6-dicarbaldehyde (L1) 8-- II-2-b. N,N’-(pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))dicyclohexylamine (L2) 9-- II-2-c. 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine (L3) 9-- II-2-d. N,N’-di-cyclohexyl-2,11-diaza[3,3](2,6)pyridinophane (CHDAP) 9-- II-3. Generation of Ni Complexes 10-- II-3-a. [Ni(CHDAP)(NO3)]+ (1) 10-- II-3-b. [Ni(CHDAP)(O2)]+ (2) 10-- II-4. X-ray Crystallography 11-- II-5. Reactivity Studies 11-- III. Results and Discussion 13-- III-1. Synthesis and Characterization of CHDAP 13-- III-2. Preparation and Characterization of [NiII(CHDAP)(NO3)]+ (1) 15-- III-3. Characterization and Reactivity Studies of [NiIII(CHDAP)(O2)]+ (2) 19-- III-4. Comparison with Ni Complex bearing TBDAP Ligand 26-- IV. Conclusion 29-- V. References 30-- Part II. Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Mononuclear Nickel(III)-O2 Complex with Macrocyclic Ligand, Me3-TPADP 36-- I. Introduction 37-- II. Experimental Section 40-- II-1. Materials and Instrumentation 40-- II-2. Synthesis of Ligands 41-- II-2-a. 1,4,7-tris(p-tosylsulfonyl)-1,4,7-triazaheptane (L4) 41-- II-2-b. 3,6,9-tris(p-tosylsulfonyl)-3,6,9,15-tetraazbicyclo[9,3,1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene (L5) 42-- II-2-c. 3,6,9,15-tetraazabocyclo(9,3,1)pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triane (L6) 42-- II-2-d. 3,6,9-trimethyl-3,6,9-triaza-1(2,6)-pyridinacyclodecaphane (Me3-TPADP) 42-- II-3. Generation of Ni Complexes 43-- II-3-a. [Ni(Me3-TPADP)(CH3CN)2] 2+ (3) 43-- II-3-b. [Ni(Me3-TPADP)(O2)]+ (4) 43-- II-4. X-ray Crystallography 44-- II-5. Reactivity Studies 44-- III. Results and Discussion 45-- III-1. Synthesis and Characterization of Me3-TPADP 45-- III-2. Preparation and Characterization of [NiII(Me3-TPADP)(CH3CN)2]2+ (3) 47-- III-3. Characterization and Reactivity Studies of [NiIII(Me3-TPADP)(O2)]+ (4) 51-- IV. Conclusion 56-- V. References 57생체 내 촉매 반응에 있어서 단일 금속-산소 종은 산화 환원 과정의 중요한 중간체 역할을 하기에 많이 연구되어 왔다. 리간드가 금속-산소 복합체의 반응성 패턴에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위해, 최근, N-tetramethylated 거대 고리 킬레이트가 부착된 몇몇 금속-산소 복합체에서 N-리간드의 고리 크기와 반응성 사이의 관계에 대한 체계적인 공부가 진행되었다. 이번 연구에서, CHDAP 그리고 Me3-TPADP 리간드가 디자인되었고 각각의 리간드가 부착된 니켈-산소 종의 반응성은 part I 그리고 part II에서 각각 조사되었다. 구조적 영향에 따른 반응성의 비교를 위해 형성된 니켈(III)-peroxo 복합체, [NiIII(CHDAP)(O2)]+ (2) 그리고[NiIII(TBDAP)(O2)]+, 의 알데하이드 디포밀레이션 반응을 살펴 본 결과, 2 의 친핵성 반응은 거대고리 리간드의 입체적 성질에 크게 의존하며, 반응성은 [NiIII(TBDAP)(O2)]+< [NiIII(CHDAP)(O2)]+ 임을 알 수 있었다. 이 결과는 구조(입체) 의 방법을 통한 근본적인 통찰력을 준다-금속-peroxo 중간체의 반응성 관계. Part II에서는, Me3-TPADP 리간드를 합성하였고 [NiII(Me3-TPADP)(CH3CN)2]2+ (3) 와 [NiIII(Me3-TPADP)(O2)]+ (4)를 준비 및 특징화하였다. 또한, 4의 반응성 결과는 외부 기질을 사용하여 얻을 수 있었다. ⓒ 2015 DGISTMasterdCollectio

The Practice of Spiritual Direction In the Life and Writings of St. Elizabeth Ann Seton

Elizabeth Ann Seton became the first North American-born saint in 1975 and her sainthood was a fruit of her spiritual formation in the Episcopal and the Catholic Church. That formation qualified her as a spiritual director to her contemporaries. This dissertation examined what characterized her reception and practice of spiritual direction through an analysis of her letters, journals, meditations, her translations and works she copied. This dissertation claims that Elizabeth was a qualified spiritual director and her practice of spiritual direction contributed to the enrichment of the ministry of spiritual direction. Her biblical, Eucharistic, liturgical, and ecclesiastical piety led individuals to deepen their spiritual life by following her example of piety. Her emphasis on the Christcentered life in her spiritual direction offered insight on the method and goal of spiritual formation. Her method of spiritual direction via her letters and writings contributed to the ministry of spiritual direction by encouraging individuals by their own letters and spiritual reflections to aid others in deepening their spiritual life.https://via.library.depaul.edu/vincentian_ebooks/1024/thumbnail.jp

Earth orbit laser systems

At the state-of-the-art efficiencies, both nuclear and solar-driven systems require equal masses for the same laser powers in the 50 to 500 MW range, typically 3,700 tons for a 100-MW thruster. Future efficiency improvement of solar panel and laser diode array will realize significant reduction (by a factor of 3) in system masses. Beaming time for laser propulsion is relatively short and other missions should be considered for increasing the system duty cycle