Pratiques éducatives et systèmes judiciaires

Ce numéro du Temps de l’histoire entend prolonger les recherches historiques sur la protection judiciaire de l’enfance et sur le traitement correctionnel des mineurs comportant une dimension internationale et comparatiste. Il s’agit à la fois de réfléchir aux fortes similitudes visibles dans les pays occidentaux à différentes époques, aux coïncidences et aux décalages chronologiques qui ont pu exister dans la construction et dans le fonctionnement des établissements de correction ou dans l’adoption de règles judiciaires spécifiques aux enfants, de prendre en compte la circulation internationale des idées dans ce domaine par les congrès, les livres, les voyages, etc., tout en ne négligeant pas les spécificités nationales. Ainsi, plusieurs articles présentent les systèmes correctionnels nationaux, avec leurs traits les plus caractéristiques. Alors que la France apparaît enfermée dans une logique pénale et pénitentiaire, réfractaire à toute innovation, la Suisse et les Pays-Bas semblent plus ouverts à la pensée et aux méthodes pédagogiques. D’autres s’attachent au fonctionnement d’institutions particulières. Après avoir été obnubilés par la question des établissements, les acteurs de la justice des mineurs s’intéressent, à la fin du xixe siècle, aux aspects judiciaire et juridique. Cette évolution est la marque d’un nouveau regard sur les jeunes délinquants. Dans les années 1900-1920, avec une remarquable convergence, de nombreux pays occidentaux adaptent le modèle du juge des enfants paternel. Deux articles éclairent ce mouvement. Enfin la justice des mineurs et le secteur de l’enfance abandonnée, orpheline ou malheureuse, au-delà des logiques institutionnelles et juridiques qui séparent ces différentes catégories, partagent de nombreuses problématiques qu’il convenait de relever

The mechanism underlying inhibition of saccadic return

Human observers take longer to re-direct gaze to a previously fixated location. Although there has been some exploration of the characteristics of inhibition of saccadic return (ISR), the exact mechanisms by which ISR operates are currently unknown. In the framework of accumulation models of response times, in which evidence is integrated over time to a response threshold, ISR could reflect a reduction in the rate of accumulation for saccades to return locations or an increase in the effective criterion for response. In two experiments, participants generated sequences of three saccades, in response to a peripheral or a central cue. ISR occurred across these manipulations: saccade latency was consistently increased for movements to the immediately previously fixated location. Latency distributions from individual observers were fit with a Linear Ballistic Accumulator model. ISR was best accounted for as a change in the accumulation rate. We suggest this parameter represents the overall desirability of a particular course of action, the evidence for which may be derived from a variety of sensory and non-sensory sources

Control of paratuberculosis: Who, why and how. A review of 48 countries

Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis. © 2019 The Author(s)

Auditory gist perception: an alternative to attentional selection of auditory streams?

Abstract. The idea that the gist of a visual scene is perceived before attention is focused on the details of a particular object is becoming increasingly popular. In the auditory system, on the other hand, it is typically assumed that the sensory signal is first broken down into streams and then attention is applied to select one of the streams. We consider evidence for an alternative: that, in close analogy with the visual system, the gist of an auditory scene is perceived and only afterwards attention is paid to relevant constituents. We find that much experimental evidence is consistent with such a proposal, and we suggest some possibilities for gist representations. Key words: Attention, gist perception, auditory scene analysis