722 research outputs found
The Mixed Motive Instruction in Employment Discrimination Cases: What Employers Need to Know
In litigation regarding employment discrimination, the burden of establishing proof has continued to shift. As a result, employers and legal counsel need to be aware of the status of what they and human resources professionals should consider when an employee alleges that the employer has violated federal discrimination statutes. The original standard of proof required the plaintiff to establish that the employer discriminated against that person. Many cases still involve that approach, giving the plaintiff the burden of creating prima facie case. However, another line of rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court added an alternative method for addressing discrimination litigation, known as the mixed motive approach. The two-prong mixed motive case requires the employee to demonstrate that a protected characteristic (e.g., race, sex, national origin) was a substantial factor in an employer\u27s adverse action. If that is established, the employer then has the burden of proving that the decision would have been made in any event, regardless of the employee\u27s protected characteristic. As a practical matter, employers facing litigation of this type must consider whether and how to defend such a case. Even a win can be expensive, because in cases where there is a divided decision, the employer must pay the plaintiff\u27s attorney fees and court costs, as well as its own. Moreover, since the Civil Rights Act of 1991 places discrimination cases in front of a jury, a divided decision is seemingly more likely. Although that presumably gives both sides a win, it still means a large expense for the employer
The envelope gene of transmitted HIV-1 resists a late interferon gamma-induced block
Type I interferon (IFN) signaling engenders an antiviral state that likely plays an important role in constraining HIV-1 transmission and contributes to defining subsequent AIDS pathogenesis. Type II IFN (IFNγ) also induces an antiviral state but is often primarily considered to be an immunomodulatory cytokine. We report that IFNγ stimulation can induce an antiviral state that can be both distinct from that of type I interferon, and can potently inhibit HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells and a number of human cell lines. Strikingly, we find that transmitted/founder (TF) HIV-1 viruses can resist a late block that is induced by type II IFN, and the use of chimeric IFNγ- sensitive/resistant viruses indicates that interferon-resistance maps to the env gene. Simultaneously, in vitro evolution also revealed that just a single amino acid substitution in envelope can confer substantial resistance to IFN-mediated inhibition. Thus, the env gene of transmitted HIV-1 confers resistance to a late block that is phenotypically distinct from those previously described to be resisted by env, and is therefore mediated by unknown IFNγ-stimulated factor(s) in human CD4+ T cells and cell lines. This important unidentified block could play a key role in constraining HIV-1 transmission
Ariel - Volume 4 Number 5
Editors
David A. Jacoby
Eugenia Miller
Tom Williams
Associate Editors
Paul Bialas
Terry Burt
Michael Leo
Gail Tenikat
Editor Emeritus and Business Manager
Richard J. Bonnano
Movie Editor
Robert Breckenridge
Staff
Richard. Blutstein
Mary F. Buechler
Alice M. Johnson
J.D. Kanofskv
Rocky Webe
Ariel - Volume 4 Number 2
Editors
David A. Jacoby
Eugenia Miller
Tom Williams
Associate Editors
Paul Bialas
Terry Burt
Michael Leo
Gail Tenikat
Editor Emeritus and Business Manager
Richard J. Bonnano
Movie Editor
Robert Breckenridge
Staff
Richard Blutstein
Mary F. Buechler
Steve Glinks
Len Grasman
Alice M. Johnson
J. D. Kanofsky
Tom Lehman
Dave Mayer
Bernie Odd
Ariel - Volume 4 Number 7
Editors
David Jacoby
Eugenia Miller
Tom Williams
Associate Editors
Paul Bialas
Terry Burt
Michael Leo
Gail Tenikat
Editor Emeritus and Business Manager
Richard J. Bonnano
Movie Editor
Robert Breckenridge
Staff
Richard Blutstein
Mary F. Buechler
J.D. Kanofsky
David Mayer
Rocket Webe
A macroscopic multifractal analysis of parabolic stochastic PDEs
It is generally argued that the solution to a stochastic PDE with
multiplicative noise---such as , where denotes
space-time white noise---routinely produces exceptionally-large peaks that are
"macroscopically multifractal." See, for example, Gibbon and Doering (2005),
Gibbon and Titi (2005), and Zimmermann et al (2000). A few years ago, we proved
that the spatial peaks of the solution to the mentioned stochastic PDE indeed
form a random multifractal in the macroscopic sense of Barlow and Taylor (1989;
1992). The main result of the present paper is a proof of a rigorous
formulation of the assertion that the spatio-temporal peaks of the solution
form infinitely-many different multifractals on infinitely-many different
scales, which we sometimes refer to as "stretch factors." A simpler, though
still complex, such structure is shown to also exist for the
constant-coefficient version of the said stochastic PDE.Comment: 41 page
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