Induction of tumours in intact and partially hepatectomized rats with ethyl methanesulphonate.

SINCE the suggestion was made that replicating liver cells may be especially sensitive to chemical carcinogens (Pound, 1968), much evidence has accumulated which supports this idea. As an instance of this, certain carcinogenic alkylating agents, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and nitrosomethylurea (NMU), which do not usually induce liver cancer by a single treatment, are hepatocarcinogens if given during the period of restorative hyper-plasia following partial hepatectomy (Craddock, 1971; Craddock and Frei, 1974). These results suggest that repli-cation of alkylated DNA is an initial event in carcinogenesis. Another methy-lating agent, methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), on the other hand, was not found to be a hepatocarcinogen, even when given after partial hepatectomy (Craddock, 1973a). Evidence suggests that this difference may be due to a difference in the nature of the reaction products formed in DNA. It appears likely that 06-alkylguanine rather than 7-alkylgua-nine is relevant in carcinogenesis (Love-less, 1969). DMN and NMU give rise to both these methylated bases, whereas no 06-methylguanine was detectable in rat liver after treatment with MMS (Craddock, 1973b). A small amount was measured after treatment of DNA with MMS in vitro (Lawley and Shah, 1972), and in mice treated with MMS in vivo (Frei and Lawley, 1976). In the case of ethy

The effect of prior deformation on the foaming behavior of 'FORMGRIP' precursor material

It is shown that extrusion of "FORMGRIP" precursor material prior to baking leads to accelerated foaming and finer, more uniform cell structures. This effect is correlated with microstructural observations made on the precursor materials and on the foams, It is thought that, while extrusion apparently does not extensively fracture the gas-generating hydride particles, it does induce sonic damage to their protective surface oxide layers. Removal of the porosity normally present in as-cast precursors may also be beneficial

Tracing the dynamic life story of a Bronze Age Female

YesAncient human mobility at the individual level is conventionally studied by the diverse application of suitable techniques (e.g. aDNA, radiogenic strontium isotopes, as well as oxygen and lead isotopes) to either hard and/or soft tissues. However, the limited preservation of coexisting hard and soft human tissues hampers the possibilities of investigating high-resolution diachronic mobility periods in the life of a single individual. Here, we present the results of a multidisciplinary study of an exceptionally well preserved circa 3.400-year old Danish Bronze Age female find, known as the Egtved Girl. We applied biomolecular, biochemical and geochemical analyses to reconstruct her mobility and diet. We demonstrate that she originated from a place outside present day Denmark (the island of Bornholm excluded), and that she travelled back and forth over large distances during the final months of her life, while consuming a terrestrial diet with intervals of reduced protein intake. We also provide evidence that all her garments were made of non-locally produced wool. Our study advocates the huge potential of combining biomolecular and biogeochemical provenance tracer analyses to hard and soft tissues of a single ancient individual for the reconstruction of high-resolution human mobility.The Danish National Research Foundation; The Carlsberg Foundation, L'Oreal Denmark-UNESCO; The ERC agreement no. 26944

Confinement in the Deconfined Phase: A numerical study with a cluster algorithm

We have previously found analytically a very unusual and unexpected form of confinement in SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. This confinement occurs in the deconfined phase of the theory. The free energy of a single static test quark diverges, even though it is contained in deconfined bulk phase and there is no QCD string present. This phenomenon occurs in cylindrical volumes with a certain choice of spatial boundary conditions. We examine numerically an effective model for the Yang-Mills theory and, using a cluster algorithm, we observe this unusual confinement. We also find a new way to determine the interface tension of domain walls separating distinct bulk phases.Comment: LaTex, 14 pages, 4 figure