Detection of a strongly negative surface potential at Saturn's moon Hyperion

On 26 September 2005, Cassini conducted its only close targeted flyby of Saturn's small, irregularly shaped moon Hyperion. Approximately 6 min before the closest approach, the electron spectrometer (ELS), part of the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) detected a field-aligned electron population originating from the direction of the moon's surface. Plasma wave activity detected by the Radio and Plasma Wave instrument suggests electron beam activity. A dropout in energetic electrons was observed by both CAPS-ELS and the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument Low-Energy Magnetospheric Measurement System, indicating that the moon and the spacecraft were magnetically connected when the field-aligned electron population was observed. We show that this constitutes a remote detection of a strongly negative (~ −200 V) surface potential on Hyperion, consistent with the predicted surface potential in regions near the solar terminator

Triggering Threshold Spacecraft Charging with Changes in Electron Emission from Materials

Modest changes in spacecraft charging conditions can lead to abrupt changes in the spacecraft equilibrium, from small positive potentials to large negative potentials relative to the space plasma; this phenomenon is referred to as threshold charging. It is well known that temporal changes of the space plasma environment (electron plasma temperature or density) can cause threshold charging. Threshold charging can also result from by temporal changes in the juxtaposition of the spacecraft to the environment, including spacecraft orbit, orientation, and geometry. This study focuses on the effects of possible changes in electron emission properties of representative spacecraft materials. It is found that for electron-induced emission, the possible threshold scenarios are very rich, since this type of electron emission can cause either positive or negative charging. Alternately, modification of photon- or ion-induced electron emission is found to induce threshold charging only in certain favorable cases. Changes of emission properties discussed include modifications due to: contamination, degradation and roughening of surfaces and layered materials; biasing and charge accumulation; bandstructure occupation and density of states caused by heat, optical or particle radiation; optical reflectivity and absorptivity; and inaccuracies and errors in measurements and parameterization of materials properties. An established method is used here to quantitatively gauge the relative extent to which these various changes in electron emission alter a spacecraft’s charging behavior and possibly lead to threshold charging. The absolute charging behavior of a hypothetical flat, two-dimensional satellite panel of a single material (either polycrystalline conductor Au or the polymeric polyimide Kapton™ H) is modeled as it undergoes modification and concomitant changes in spacecraft charging in three representative geosynchronous orbit environments, from full sunlight to full shade (eclipse) are considered

A Ray of Hope

Còpia en paper oxidat.Primera pàgina del capítol 4 del llibre "Secret Fallout: low-level radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island" d'Ernest J. Sternglass, on explica com els alts índex de radiació a la llet, van portar a John F. Kennedy a prohibir les proves nuclears a l'atmosfera als EUA al 1963 i a impulsar un tractat per a que la U.R.S.S. i U.K. també ho fessin

MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY OF NUCLEAR PARTICLES

Author Institution: Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh 35The discovery of a rapidly growing number of short-lived, excited systems among high-energy nuclear particles suggests the possibility of an underlying molecular type of structure for these particles to which the concepts of molecular spectroscopy appear to be applicable. It is found that the observed spin and masses of the heavy mesons and ``resonance'' particles can be accounted for in terms of the rotational excited states of ``pionic-molecules'' consisting of 2, 3, 4, and $5 \pi$-mesons. The bond-length and binding energy per bond can be obtained from a relativistic electron-positron model of the $\pi$-mesons which is also able to account for the observed masses, spins, and life-times of the $\pi$-mesons themselves. Such a molecular structure of nuclear particles permits one to obtain a physical interpretation of the ``isotopic spin'' and ``strangeness'' quantum numbers introduced for empirical reasons in terms of the internal structure and angular momenta of these systems. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for the usefulness of group-theoretical symmetry arguments which have recently been widely applied to the classification of the newly discovered particles. The desirability of applying the powerful techniques developed for the analysis of molecular spectra to the problem of nuclear particle structure is suggested