A generalized chromatic polynomial, acyclic orientations with prescribed sources and sinks, and network reliability

AbstractSuppose G=(V,E) is a graph and K, K′, K″ are subsets of V such that K⊆K′ ∩ K″. We introduce and study a polynomial P(G,K,K′,K″; λ) in λ. This polynomial coincides with the classical chromatic polynomial P(G; λ) when K=V. The results of this paper generalize Whitney's characterizations of the coefficients of P(G; λ) and the work of Stanley on acyclic orientations. Furthermore, we establish a connection between a family of polynomials associated with network reliability and a family of polynomials associated with P(G,K,K′,K″; λ)

WORLD MALT AND MALTING BARLEY: COMPETITION, MARKETING, AND TRADE

Recent trends in production marketing, trade, and policies affecting world malting barley and malt sector are examined. A spatial equilibrium model of production and trade is used to assess the effects of alternative levels of supply, demand, and policy variables on composition and direction of malting barley and malt trade flows.malting barley, malt, beer, trade, spatial equilibrium, Marketing, International Relations/Trade,

BIOFABRICATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LEAVES OF GLORIOSA SUPERBA AND ITS ANTICANCER PROPERTIES

  Objective: We aimed to synthesize the cost effective, one pot and an eco-friendly technique for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using 1 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution through the aqueous leaf extracts of Gloriosa superba (GS) reducing and capping agent and its anticancer activity.Methods: Synthesis briefly 95 mL of 1 mM AgNO3 was taken into amber colored conical flask and added 5 mL of aqueous leaf extract of GS (pale brown) and incubated at room temperature in dark condition for about 24 hrs. Characterization of AgNPs derived from GS (GS-AgNPs) was performed with physiochemical techniques (ultraviolet, transmission electron microscope [TEM], X-ray diffraction [XRD], and thermal gravimetric analysis) and cytotoxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: We synthesized cost effective, eco-friendly AgNPs were characterized by physiochemical techniques. The crystal nature of AgNP was studied by XRD. TEM studies reveal the morphology of GS-AgNPs, the size of the nanoparticle is 10-50 nm. The cytotoxicity of GS-AgNPs studied against the four human cancerous cell line DU145, SKOV3, PC3, and A549 but the GS-AgNPs are most sensitive toward the SKOV3 cell line. The minimum inhibitory concentration (IC) is 79.45±5.26, 61.80±4.27, 94.74±9.26, and 90.10±8.24 μg/mL, respectively. Morphological assessment of the SKOV3 cells was studied using AO/EB and Hoechst staining at IC50 concentration.Conclusion: The bio fabrication of the GS-AgNPs were simple, eco-friendly and one pot synthesis, it is used as an anticancer agent in future, pending further investigation

Explicit Pre A*-algebra

This manuscript is a study on Birkhoff centre of a Pre-A*-algebra. In fact, it is proved that Birkhoff centre of a Pre A*-algebra is also a Pre A*-algebra and identified that the centre of Birkhoff centre of a Pre A*-algebra is a Boolean algebra.Keywords: Pre A*-algebra, Centre, Birkoff centre, Boolean algebra

Formation of bi-aryls via a domino palladium catalysis

Synthesis of bi-aryls via a domino Pd-catalyzed reaction of 1-(2-bromophenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ones/(2-bromophenyl)(cyclohexyl)methanones is presented. The mechanism of the reaction is believed to proceed through a five membered palladacycle that combines with a second molecule of halo-arene to yield the bi-aryls. This method is quite successful to deliver highly sterically crowded bi-aryls with dense functionalities on the aromatic rings

A domino palladium catalysis: Synthesis of 7-methyl-5 H -dibenzo[ a, c ][7] annulen-5-ones

A domino Pd-catalyzed reaction of 1-(2-bromophenyl)ethanones for the synthesis of novel 7-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,c][7]annulen-5-ones, a carbon core structure present in colchicinoid natural products, is presented. The reaction is proposed to proceed via intermolecular homobiaryl coupling and intramolecular aldol condensatio

Palladium-catalyzed selective α-arylation of ortho -bromoacetophenones

Synthesis of 1-(2-bromophenyl)-2-phenylethanones via an intermolecular Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of 1-(2-bromophenyl)ethanones is presented. The method relies on selective C-H activation (α-arylation) of relatively more reactive external iodo-arenes as coupling partners without affecting the bromo-substituent. Moreover, the scope and generality of the method has been well studied by employing the reaction with iodo-arenes as coupling partners bearing electron-withdrawing, simple, and electron-donating groups on the aromatic ring