Le compartiment sauvage de la carotte en France : des ressources génétiques importantes et pourtant méconnues

La France est considérée comme centre secondaire de diversification de la carotte, du fait de l’activité importante de sélection (par des maraîchers ou semenciers), ce qui justifie les actions de conservation et connaissance des variétés anciennes menées par le réseau de ressources génétiques « Carotte et autres Daucus ». Par contre, le compartiment sauvage est méconnu et sous-exploité, alors qu’il s’agit d’une espèce pour laquelle de nombreuses populations existent sur le territoire français, avec une situation très contrastée. Si la carotte sauvage D. carota spp carota n’est pas en danger, d’autres sous espèces sont protégées (ssp gadecaei) ou menacées du fait de la dégradation de leur milieux naturels notamment en zone littorale ou de possibles introgressions avec la sous-espèce carota. Le travail présenté porte donc sur : i/ la sauvegarde et la mise à disposition des ressources génétiques sauvages, à travers l’inventaire de populations in situ et la constitution de collections ex-situ ; ii/ l’approfondissement de la connaissance et de l’identification taxonomique des sous-espèces sauvages ; iii/ la connaissance de la diversité au sein du compartiment sauvage (marqueurs SSR et données écologiques) ; et iv/ l’évaluation des ressources génétiques sauvages de carotte pour permettre leur exploitation (fertilité, croisements avec le compartiment cultivé, tolérance à différents bioagresseurs). Ce programme fait l’objet du soutien d’un contrat de branche du ministère de l’agriculture et implique les membres du réseau « Carotte et autres Daucus ».

Characterization of Geographical and Meteorological Parameters

[EN]This chapter is devoted to the introduction of some geographical and meteorological information involved in the numerical modeling of wind fields and solar radiation. First, a brief description of the topographical data given by a Digital Elevation Model and Land Cover databases is provided. In particular, the Information System of Land Cover of Spain (SIOSE) is considered. The study is focused on the roughness length and the displacement height parameters that appear in the logarithmic wind profile, as well as in the albedo related to solar radiation computation. An extended literature review and characterization of both parameters are reported. Next, the concept of atmospheric stability is introduced from the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory to the recent revision of Zilitinkevich of the Neutral and Stable Boundary Layers (SBL). The latter considers the effect of the free-flow static stability and baroclinicity on the turbulent transport of momentum and of the Convective Boundary Layers (CBL), more precisely, the scalars in the boundary layer, as well as the model of turbulent entrainment

The Bolund Experiment, Part I: Flow Over a Steep, Three-Dimensional Hill

We present an analysis of data from a measurement campaign performed at the Bolund peninsula in Denmark in the winter of 2007–2008. Bolund is a small isolated hill exhibiting a significantly steep escarpment in the main wind direction. The physical shape of Bolund represents, in a scaled-down form, a typical wind turbine site in complex terrain. Because of its small size the effect of atmospheric stratification can be neglected, which makes the Bolund experiment ideal for the validation of neutral flow models and hence model scenarios most relevant to wind energy. We have carefully investigated the upstream conditions. With a 7-km fetch over water, the incoming flow is characterized as flow over flat terrain with a local roughness height based on the surface momentum flux. The nearly perfect upstream conditions are important in forming a meaningful quantitative description of the flow over the Bolund hill. Depending on the wind direction, we find a maximum speed-up of 30% at the hill top accompanied by a maximum 300% enhancement of turbulence intensity. A closer inspection reveals transient behaviour with recirculation zones. From the wind energy context, this implies that the best site for erecting a turbine based on resource constraints unfortunately also imposes a penalty of high dynamic loads. On the lee side of Bolund, recirculation occurs with the turbulence intensity remaining significantly enhanced even at one hill length downstream. Its transient behaviour and many recirculation zones place Bolund in a category in which the linear flow theory is not applicable

Medical treatment of renal cancer: new horizons.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) makes up 2-3% of adult cancers. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in the mid-2000s radically changed the management of RCC. These targeted treatments superseded immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon. The pendulum now appears to be shifting back towards immunotherapy, with the evidence of prolonged overall survival of patients with metastatic RCC on treatment with the anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand monoclonal antibody, nivolumab. Clinical prognostic criteria aid prediction of relapse risk for resected localised disease. Unfortunately, for patients at high risk of relapse, no adjuvant treatment has yet shown benefit, although further trials are yet to report. Clinical prognostic models also have a role in the management of advanced disease; now there is a pressing need for predictive biomarkers to direct therapy. Treatment selection for metastatic disease is currently based on histology, prognostic group and patient preference based on side effect profile. In this article, we review the current medical and surgical management of localised, oligometastatic and advanced RCC, including side effect management and the evidence base for management of poor-risk and non-clear cell disease. We discuss recent results from clinical trials and how these are likely to shape future practice and a renaissance of immunotherapy for renal cell cancer