3,172 research outputs found
Liquidity Shocks, Systemic Risk, and Market Collapse: Theory and Application to the Market for Perps
Traditional explanations of market crashes rely on the collapse of an asset price bubble or the exacerbation of an information asymmetry sufficient to cause less-informed participants to withdraw from the market. We show that markets can crash even though asset prices have not deviated from fundamental values and information is shared symmetrically among all market participants. We present a model in which markets crash when investors shift their beliefs about the liquidity of the secondary market. While such shifts in liquidity may be a factor in explaining many market crashes, the collapse of the market for perpetual floating-rate notes (perps) provides an especially clear illustration of the theory because a shift in liquidity beliefs appears to have been the sole determinant of the market crash. Such a shift can be precipitated by a systemic liquidity shock that is transitory or permanent. The latter proved to be the case with perps because perceptions of the liquidity of the secondary market were permanently altered. In addition to providing new insights into why markets crash, our findings are particularly relevant for unseasoned financial products that are often priced and marketed on the assumption that liquid secondary markets will develop. The perp episode also highlights the importance of broad placement of securities. Since market liquidity arises endogenously from the diversity of liquidity needs across the investor base, the broader the investor base, the lower the probability of a systemic liquidity shock. We also show how simple modifications in security design can mitigate the impact of such a shock should it occur.
Self Consistent Expansion for the Molecular Beam Epitaxy Equation
Motivated by a controversy over the correct results derived from the dynamic
renormalization group (DRG) analysis of the non linear molecular beam epitaxy
(MBE) equation, a self-consistent expansion (SCE) for the non linear MBE theory
is considered. The scaling exponents are obtained for spatially correlated
noise of the general form . I find a lower critical dimension , above, which the linear MBE solution appears. Below the
lower critical dimension a r-dependent strong-coupling solution is found. These
results help to resolve the controversy over the correct exponents that
describe non linear MBE, using a reliable method that proved itself in the past
by predicting reasonable results for the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) system,
where DRG failed to do so.Comment: 16 page
The blurring boundaries between synchronicity and asynchronicity:new communicative situations in work-related Instant Messaging
Instant messaging is one of the most popular communication technologies in virtual teams, enabling interactions to intertwine whole working days, thus creating the sense of copresence for team members who are geographically dispersed. Through close linguistic analyses of naturally occurring data from a virtual team, this article discusses the implications of two novel communicative situations enabled by instant messaging: presence information and the persistence of transcript. The preliminary findings of this study indicate that these new communicative situations require the flouting or rethinking of previously existing interactional norms and that communicative practices employed by the team members are not yet conventionalized/normalized, the expectations and interpretations of interactional rituals and timing vary highly, even within the same virtual team
Management considerations in beef heifer development (2002)
Because decisions about selecting and managing replacement beef heifers can affect the future productivity of an entire cowherd, programs to develop breeding heifers have focused on the physiological processes that influence puberty. The timing of puberty is critical to whether a heifer remains in the herd and whether lifetime productivity is optimized.New 6/97; Reviewed and reprinted 10/02/5M
Out-of-plane nesting driven spin spiral in ultrathin Fe/Cu(001) films
Epitaxial ultrathin Fe films on fcc Cu(001) exhibit a spin spiral (SS), in
contrast to the ferromagnetism of bulk bcc Fe. We study the in-plane and
out-of-plane Fermi surfaces (FSs) of the SS in 8 monolayer Fe/Cu(001) films
using energy dependent soft x-ray momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
We show that the SS originates in nested regions confined to out-of-plane FSs,
which are drastically modified compared to in-plane FSs. From precise
reciprocal space maps in successive zones, we obtain the associated real space
compressive strain of 1.5+-0.5% along c-axis. An autocorrelation analysis
quantifies the incommensurate ordering vector q=(2pi/a)(0,0,~0.86), favoring a
SS and consistent with magneto-optic Kerr effect experiments. The results
reveal the importance of in-plane and out-of-plane FS mapping for ultrathin
films.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks by Collisional Fusion
The formation of a solar system is believed to have followed a multi-stage
process around a protostar. Whipple first noted that planetesimal growth by
particle agglomeration is strongly influenced by gas drag; there is a
"bottleneck" at the meter scale with such bodies rapidly spiraling into the
central star, whereas much smaller or larger particles do not. Thus, successful
planetary accretion requires rapid planetesimal growth to km scale. A commonly
accepted picture is that for collisional velocities above a certain
threshold collisional velocity, 0.1-10 cm s, particle
agglomeration is not possible; elastic rebound overcomes attractive surface and
intermolecular forces. However, if perfect sticking is assumed for all
collisions the bottleneck can be overcome by rapid planetesimal growth. While
previous work has dealt explicitly with the influences of collisional pressures
and the possibility of particle fracture or penetration, the basic role of the
phase behavior of matter--phase diagrams, amorphs and polymorphs--has been
neglected. Here it is demonstrated that novel aspects of surface phase
transitions provide a physical basis for efficient sticking through collisional
melting or amphorph-/polymorphization and fusion to extend the collisional
velocity range of primary accretion to 1-100 m s,
which bound both turbulent RMS speeds and the velocity differences between
boulder sized and small grains 1-50 m s. Thus, as inspiraling
meter sized bodies collide with smaller particles in this high velocity
collisional fusion regime they grow rapidly to km scales and hence settle into
stable Keplerian orbits in 10 years before photoevaporative wind
clears the disk of source material.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl
Direct Statistical Simulation of Jets and Vortices in 2D Flows
In this paper we perform Direct Statistical Simulations of a model of two-dimensional flow that exhibits a transition from jets to vortices. The model employs two-scale Kolmogorov forcing, with energy injected directly into the zonal mean of the flow. We compare these results with those from Direct Numerical Simulations. For square domains the solution takes the form of jets, but as the aspect ratio is increased a transition to isolated coherent vortices is found. We find that a truncation at second order in the equal-time but nonlocal cumulants that employs zonal averaging (zonal CE2) is capable of capturing the form of the jets for a range of Reynolds numbers as well as the transition to the vortex state, but, unsurprisingly, is unable to reproduce the correlations found for the fully nonlinear (non-zonally symmetric) vortex state. This result continues the program of promising advances in statistical theories of turbulence championed by Kraichnan
Eulerian spectral closures for isotropic turbulence using a time-ordered fluctuation-dissipation relation
Procedures for time-ordering the covariance function, as given in a previous
paper (K. Kiyani and W.D. McComb Phys. Rev. E 70, 066303 (2004)), are extended
and used to show that the response function associated at second order with the
Kraichnan-Wyld perturbation series can be determined by a local (in wavenumber)
energy balance. These time-ordering procedures also allow the two-time
formulation to be reduced to time-independent form by means of exponential
approximations and it is verified that the response equation does not have an
infra-red divergence at infinite Reynolds number. Lastly, single-time
Markovianised closure equations (stated in the previous paper above) are
derived and shown to be compatible with the Kolmogorov distribution without the
need to introduce an ad hoc constant.Comment: 12 page
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