Electromagnetic plasma modeling in circuit breaker within the finite volume method

In order to ensure the galvanic isolation of an electrical system following a manual operation or a default strike, current limitation properties of the electric arc are used, forcing a fast decrease to zero current. Modeling this process reveals complex, since it involves a large amount of physical phenomena (radiation, phase transitions, electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, plasma physics). In order to get a robust solving, enhancing strongly coupled resolution and time constants compatibility, the Finite Volume Method has been chosen. This method was first implemented on intrinsic electromagnetism problems (current flow, magnetostatics including non-linear materials, and magnetodynamics). Once validated, the models have been successfully used in the Schneider's current-interruption dedicated software, thus allowing a significantly improved simulation of Schneider Electric circuit breakers

Inventaire des publications en langue française sur les coopératives 1993-2003

Ce rapport présente un inventaire et une analyse sommaire des publications en langue française portant sur les coopératives, de 1993 à 2003. Cette recherche a été réalisée à la demande du Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada. Il s'agit d'un outil d'abord destiné aux membres du comité directeur du programme Initiative de développement coopératif (IDC) du Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada mais qui pourra également être utile aux chercheurs universitaires et institutionnels qui s'intéressent aux études coopératives. Le principal critère de sélection des publications fut celui de leur pertinence eu égard aux thèmes identifiés par le Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada (valeur ajoutée à l'agriculture, accès aux soins de santé et aux services à domicile, développement des collectivités autochtones, développement local et développement social, gouvernance et management et opportunités et limites dans le développement des coopératives), ainsi que le caractère transférable des résultats de recherche dans le contexte national. Ainsi, ces publications proviennent majoritairement du Québec et du Canada francophone, de la France, de la Belgique et de la Suisse. Nous avons choisi d'exclure les articles de journaux et autres publications courtes sans références bibliographiques. Le rapport présente les thèmes dans l'ordre fourni par le Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada. Pour chacun des thèmes (et des sous-thèmes), sont présentés les types de documents, les sujets spécifiques qui y sont traités, un état de la littérature et une évaluation des besoins non comblés eu égard au contexte national. La bibliographie (en Annexe 2) est également présentée par thème, dans le même ordre que l'analyse des publications.Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canad

Bibliographie annotée des publications en langue française sur les coopératives 1993-2003

Ce rapport présente une bibliographie annotée des publications en langue française portant sur les coopératives, de 1993 à 2003. Cette recherche a été réalisée à la demande du Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada. Il s'agit d'un outil d'abord destiné aux membres du comité directeur du programme Initiative de développement coopératif (IDC) du Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada mais qui pourra également être utile aux chercheurs universitaires et institutionnels qui s'intéressent aux études coopératives. Il accompagne un inventaire analytique des mêmes publications (cahier no 0315). Le principal critère de sélection des publications fut celui de leur pertinence eu égard aux thèmes identifiés par le Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada (valeur ajoutée à l'agriculture, accès aux soins de santé et aux services à domicile, développement des collectivités autochtones, développement local et développement social, gouvernance et management et opportunités et limites dans le développement des coopératives), ainsi que le caractère transférable des résultats de recherche dans le contexte national. Ainsi, ces publications proviennent majoritairement du Québec et du Canada francophone, de la France, de la Belgique et de la Suisse. Nous avons choisi d'exclure les articles de journaux et autres publications courtes sans références bibliographiques. Le rapport présente les références bibliographiques par thèmes, dans l'ordre fourni par le Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canada.Secrétariat aux coopératives du Canad

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency: a treatable disorder of brain catecholamine biosynthesis

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from cerebral catecholamine deficiency. Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency has been reported in fewer than 40 patients worldwide. To recapitulate all available evidence on clinical phenotypes and rational diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this devastating, but treatable, neurometabolic disorder, we studied 36 patients with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and reviewed the literature. Based on the presenting neurological features, tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency can be divided in two phenotypes: an infantile onset, progressive, hypokinetic-rigid syndrome with dystonia (type A), and a complex encephalopathy with neonatal onset (type B). Decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, with normal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, are the biochemical hallmark of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. The homovanillic acid concentrations and homovanillic acid/5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with the severity of the phenotype. Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is almost exclusively caused by missense mutations in the TH gene and its promoter region, suggesting that mutations with more deleterious effects on the protein are incompatible with life. Genotype-phenotype correlations do not exist for the common c.698G>A and c.707T>C mutations. Carriership of at least one promotor mutation, however, apparently predicts type A tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Most patients with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency can be successfully treated with l-dop

Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in a naturalistic schizophrenia population: diagnostic value of actometric movement patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (NIMDs) have overlapping co-morbidity. Earlier studies have described typical clinical movement patterns for individual NIMDs. This study aimed to identify specific movement patterns for each individual NIMD using actometry.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A naturalistic population of 99 schizophrenia inpatients using conventional antipsychotics and clozapine was evaluated. Subjects with NIMDs were categorized using the criteria for NIMD found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).</p> <p>Two blinded raters evaluated the actometric-controlled rest activity data for activity periods, rhythmical activity, frequencies, and highest acceleration peaks. A simple subjective question was formulated to test patient-based evaluation of NIMD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The patterns of neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) and pseudoakathisia (PsA) were identifiable in actometry with excellent inter-rater reliability. The answers to the subjective question about troubles with movements distinguished NIA patients from other patients rather well. Also actometry had rather good screening performances in distinguishing akathisia from other NIMD. Actometry was not able to reliably detect patterns of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study showed that pooled NIA and PsA patients had a different pattern in lower limb descriptive actometry than other patients in a non-selected sample. Careful questioning of patients is a useful method of diagnosing NIA in a clinical setting.</p

Suppression of p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Surface Expression with Intrabodies Influences Bcl-xL mRNA Expression and Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells

Background: Although p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is the first neurotrophin receptor isolated, its diverse physiological functions and signaling have remained elusive for many years. Loss-of-function phenotypic analyses for p75NTR were mainly focused at the genetic level; however these approaches were impacted by off-target effect, insufficient stability, unspecific stress response or alternative active splicing products. In this study, p75NTR surface expression was suppressed for the first time at the protein level by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retained intrabodies. Results: Three monoclonal recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) with affinities in the low nanomolar range to murine p75NTR were isolated by antibody phage display. To suppress p75NTR cell surface expression, the encoding genes of these scFvs extended by the ER retention peptide KDEL were transiently transfected into the neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 and the mouse neuroblastoma x mouse spinal cord hybrid cell line NSC19. The ER retained intrabody construct, SH325-G7-KDEL, mediated a downregulation of p75NTR cell surface expression as shown by flow cytometry. This effect was maintained over a period of at least eight days without activating an unfolded protein response (UPR). Moreover, the ER retention of p75NTR resulted in downregulation of mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL as well as in strong inhibition of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Conclusion: The ER retained intrabody SH325-G7-KDEL not only induces phenotypic knockdown of this p75NTR but als

Isolation and Characterisation of a Human-Like Antibody Fragment (scFv) That Inactivates VEEV In Vitro and In Vivo

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) belongs to the Alphavirus genus and several species of this family are pathogenic to humans. The viruses are classified as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism and sensitive detection as well as effective prophylaxis and antiviral therapies are required