4,558 research outputs found
Improved pulse shape discriminator for fast neutron-gamma ray detection system
Discriminator in nuclear particle detection system distinguishes nuclear particle type and energy among many different nuclear particles. Discriminator incorporates passive, linear circuit elements so that it will operate over a wide dynamic range
Controlling for individual heterogeneity in longitudinal models, with applications to student achievement
Longitudinal data tracking repeated measurements on individuals are highly
valued for research because they offer controls for unmeasured individual
heterogeneity that might otherwise bias results. Random effects or mixed models
approaches, which treat individual heterogeneity as part of the model error
term and use generalized least squares to estimate model parameters, are often
criticized because correlation between unobserved individual effects and other
model variables can lead to biased and inconsistent parameter estimates.
Starting with an examination of the relationship between random effects and
fixed effects estimators in the standard unobserved effects model, this article
demonstrates through analysis and simulation that the mixed model approach has
a ``bias compression'' property under a general model for individual
heterogeneity that can mitigate bias due to uncontrolled differences among
individuals. The general model is motivated by the complexities of longitudinal
student achievement measures, but the results have broad applicability to
longitudinal modeling.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-EJS057 in the Electronic
Journal of Statistics (http://www.i-journals.org/ejs/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
The cosmic ray interplanetary radial gradient from 1972 - 1985
It is now established that the solar modulation of cosmic rays is produced by turbulent magnetic fields propagated outward by the solar wind. Changes in cosmic ray intensity are not simultaneous throughout the modulation region, thus requiring time dependent theories for the cosmic ray modulation. Fundamental to an overall understanding of this observed time dependent cosmic ray modulation is the behavior of the radial intensity gradient with time and heliocentric distance over the course of a solar modulation cycle. The period from 1977 to 1985 when data are available from the cosmic ray telescopes on Pioneer (P) 10, Voyager (V) 1 and 2, and IMP 8 spacecraft is studied. Additional data from P10 and other IMP satellites for 1972 to 1977 can be used to determine the gradient at the minimum in the solar modulation cycle and as a function of heliocentric distance. All of these telescopes have thresholds for protons and helium nuclei of E 60 MeV/nucleon
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The solar influence on the probability of relatively cold UK winters in the future
Recent research has suggested that relatively cold UK winters are more common when solar activity is low (Lockwood et al 2010 Environ. Res. Lett. 5 024001). Solar activity during the current sunspot minimum has fallen to levels unknown since the start of the 20th century (Lockwood 2010 Proc. R. Soc. A 466 303–29) and records of past solar variations inferred from cosmogenic isotopes (Abreu et al 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L20109) and geomagnetic activity data (Lockwood et al 2009 Astrophys. J. 700 937–44) suggest that the current grand solar maximum is coming to an end and hence that solar activity can be expected to continue to decline. Combining cosmogenic isotope data with the long record of temperatures measured in central England, we estimate how solar change could influence the probability in the future of further UK winters that are cold, relative to the hemispheric mean temperature, if all other factors remain constant. Global warming is taken into account only through the detrending using mean hemispheric temperatures. We show that some predictive skill may be obtained by including the solar effect
The intensity recovery of Forbush-type decreases as a function of heliocentric distance and its relationship to the 11-year variation
Recent data indicating that the solar modulation effects are propagated outward in the heliospheric cavity suggest that the 11-year cosmic ray modulation can best be described by a dynamic time dependent model. In this context an understanding of the recovery characteristics of large transient Forbush type decreases is important. This includes the typical recovery time at a fixed energy at 1 AU as well as at large heliocentric radial distances, the energy dependence of the recovery time at 1 Au, and the dependence of the time for the intensity to decrease to the minimum in the transient decreases as a function of distance. These transient decreases are characterized by their asymmetrical decrease and recovery times, generally 1 to 2 days and 3 to 10 days respectively at approx. 1 AU. Near earth these are referred to as Forbush decreases, associated witha shock or blast wave passage. At R equal to or greater than + or - 10 AU, these transient decreases may represent the combined effects of several shock waves that have merged together
Magnon squeezing in an antiferromagnet: reducing the spin noise below the standard quantum limit
At absolute zero temperature, thermal noise vanishes when a physical system
is in its ground state, but quantum noise remains as a fundamental limit to the
accuracy of experimental measurements. Such a limitation, however, can be
mitigated by the formation of squeezed states. Quantum mechanically, a squeezed
state is a time-varying superposition of states for which the noise of a
particular observable is reduced below that of the ground state at certain
times. Quantum squeezing has been achieved for a variety of systems, including
the electromagnetic field, atomic vibrations in solids and molecules, and
atomic spins, but not so far for magnetic systems. Here we report on an
experimental demonstration of spin wave (i.e., magnon) squeezing. Our method
uses femtosecond optical pulses to generate correlations involving pairs of
magnons in an antiferromagnetic insulator, MnF2. These correlations lead to
quantum squeezing in which the fluctuations of the magnetization of a
crystallographic unit cell vary periodically in time and are reduced below that
of the ground state quantum noise. The mechanism responsible for this squeezing
is stimulated second order Raman scattering by magnon pairs. Such squeezed
states have important ramifications in the emerging fields of spintronics and
quantum computing involving magnetic spin states or the spin-orbit coupling
mechanism
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Radial evolution of sunward strahl electrons in the inner heliosphere
The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) exhibits local inversions, in which the field apparently “bends back” upon itself. Candidate mechanisms to produce these inversions include various configurations of upstream interchange reconnection; either in the heliosphere, or in the corona where the solar wind is formed. Explaining the source of these inversions, and how they evolve in time and space, is thus an important step towards explaining the origins of the solar wind. Inverted heliospheric magnetic field lines can be identified by the anomalous sunward (i.e. inward) streaming of the typically anti-sunward propagating, field aligned (or anti-aligned), beam of electrons known as the “strahl”. We test if the pitch angle distribution (PAD) properties of sunward-propagating strahl are different from those of outward strahl.We perform a statistical study of strahl observed by the Helios spacecraft, over heliocentric distances spanning ≈ 0.3 – 1 AU. We find that sunward strahl PADs are broader and less intense than their outward directed counterparts; particularly at distances 0.3 – 0.75 AU. This is consistent with sunward strahl being subject to additional, path-length dependent, scattering in comparison to outward strahl.We conclude that the longer and more variable path from the Sun to the spacecraft, along inverted magnetic field, leads to this additional scattering. The results also suggest that the relative importance of scattering along this additional path length drops off with heliocentric distance. These results can be explained by a relatively simple, constant-rate, scattering process
Some characteristics of the solar flare event of February 16, 1984
In the morning of February 16, 1984 a solar cosmic ray event (GLE) was recorded by the world wide network of neutron monitors (NM). The counting rate vs. time profile of the Goose Bay NM (geog. lat. = 53.3 deg. N, deog. long. = 299.6 deg E) where the increase is expressed as percent of the counting rate of an equatorial sea level NM is presented. The Goose Bay NM was observed to have the maximum response to the solar particles. Its counting rate vs. time profile exhibits a rapid increase to maximum, has a large amplitude (approx. 170%) and decays rapidly to background in approx. 90 min. In Fig. 1 we also show the counting rate vs. time profile for the Tixie Bay NM (71.6 deg, 128.9 deg) which recorded an increase of only a few percent. Since the NMs at Goose Bay and Tixie Bay have asymptotic viewing directions approx. 180 deg apart in longitude, the anisotropy of the solar particle flux at Earth from these stations
Missing data in value-added modeling of teacher effects
The increasing availability of longitudinal student achievement data has
heightened interest among researchers, educators and policy makers in using
these data to evaluate educational inputs, as well as for school and possibly
teacher accountability. Researchers have developed elaborate "value-added
models" of these longitudinal data to estimate the effects of educational
inputs (e.g., teachers or schools) on student achievement while using prior
achievement to adjust for nonrandom assignment of students to schools and
classes. A challenge to such modeling efforts is the extensive numbers of
students with incomplete records and the tendency for those students to be
lower achieving. These conditions create the potential for results to be
sensitive to violations of the assumption that data are missing at random,
which is commonly used when estimating model parameters. The current study
extends recent value-added modeling approaches for longitudinal student
achievement data Lockwood et al. [J. Educ. Behav. Statist. 32 (2007) 125--150]
to allow data to be missing not at random via random effects selection and
pattern mixture models, and applies those methods to data from a large urban
school district to estimate effects of elementary school mathematics teachers.
We find that allowing the data to be missing not at random has little impact on
estimated teacher effects. The robustness of estimated teacher effects to the
missing data assumptions appears to result from both the relatively small
impact of model specification on estimated student effects compared with the
large variability in teacher effects and the downweighting of scores from
students with incomplete data.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/10-AOAS405 the Annals of
Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
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