The Seasonal Behavior of the Japanese Beetle in Ohio

Author Institution: Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooste

First Principles for Forum Provisions

In this Essay, the authors argue that the Delaware Chancery Court\u27s opinion in Sciabacucchi v. Salzberg, which appeals to territoriality as a decisive “first principle,” is deeply misguided. The notion that each state’s legislative jurisdiction is bounded by its territorial limits is a formalist and arbitrary notion that has been broadly rejected by various jurisdictions, including Delaware. Moreover, an opinion truly grounded in “first principles” would take comity—the basic framework for choice of law in the early Republic—as its lodestar, necessitating a functionally and strategically sensitive approach to determining the validity of the federal forum provisions. In this case, comity would recommend not invalidating the forum provisions, as the Chancery Court did, but rather dismissing the suit for lack of ripeness

Transmission of grapevine viroids is not likely to occur mechanically by normal pruning

In epidemiological studies the viroid distribution in two local vineyards was determined. Grapevine leaves of different varieties were collected, total RNA isolated and viroid detected by northern blot analysis and/or reverse transcription followed by PCR amplification. Nearly each sample was infected with the grapevine variant of Hop Stunt Viroid and approximately each second additionally with Grapevine Yellow Speckle Viroid 1. Grapevine Yellow Speckle Viroid 2, a third grapevine viroid, was not found. Both grapevine viroids occurred in chlorotic plants as well as in plants without symptoms. In order to investigate viroid spreading through mechanical transmission accomplished during routine cultural practices, the distribution patterns in the two vineyards were analysed. Our results indicate that grapevine viroids are mainly propagated through systemic transmission upon grafting. The examination of different rootstock clones from Northern Italy, which are used for grafting in Germany, further demonstrates that in this case propagation is not due to rootstocks containing viroid but is more likely to occur via infected scion varieties