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Fabrication of Bone Substitute Material by Rapid Prototyping
Bone tissue engineering has gained much attention in recent years. A key requirement in this
field is the development of scaffold structures, on which cells adhere. This can be done by
fabricating scaffolds by direct procedures like 3D-printing or by indirect procedures like casting.
With the 3D-printing process different structures were build up by using hydroxyapatite powder
(HA) and a special binder material. Afterwards the printed 3D structures were sintered.
For the casting process molds have been made of different resins by stereolithography and other
processes using polymers and waxes. These structures were filled by a suspension of HA. By
heating the resulting polymer/ceramic composite to a specific temperature it is possible to
combust the polymer or wax. By further heating the remaining body, the HA is sintered.
Compared to the 3D printing a better resolution can be obtained here. But there are restrictions
regarding the ratio of polymer and the HA ceramic during the heating process which means a
limitation for the level of porosity.Mechanical Engineerin
Comparison of Organic and Conventional Agriculture Systems on Crop Production
The majority of organic and conventional agriculture system comparisons are long-term experiments (\u3e10 years). Therefore, it is imperative to understand short-term impacts on soil and environmental quality during the transition period from a conventional system to a three-year, USDA-NOP certified organic system. The objectives of this project were to investigate the effects of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2 O), soil carbon dynamics, soil quality, and crop productivit
Аграрне перенаселення в українських губерніях Російської імперії початку ХХ ст.
Sustainable urban development is a critical issue in the Netherlands. The country is densely populated, which causes conflicts between environmental concerns and spatial development. Environmental policy integration is proposed as a way to improve the integration of environmental values into spatial planning with the help of learning processes. This chapter evaluates the extent to which the combination of a map-based touch table and an area-specific environmental profile are of added value to environmental policy integration. The case study is the application of the map-based touch table, called MapTable® for the development of a sustainable neighborhood in the region of Utrecht, the Netherlands. It was found that MapTable® facilitates learning processes by providing a platform for communication among stakeholders from different backgrounds. Nonetheless, it must be ensured that all stakeholders are equally included, and that the process suits the application of a map-based touch table in combination with an area-specific environmental profile
Significant Conditions on the Two-electron Reduced Density Matrix from the Constructive Solution of N-representability
We recently presented a constructive solution to the N-representability
problem of the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM)---a systematic
approach to constructing complete conditions to ensure that the 2-RDM
represents a realistic N-electron quantum system [D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 108, 263002 (2012)]. In this paper we provide additional details and
derive further N-representability conditions on the 2-RDM that follow from the
constructive solution. The resulting conditions can be classified into a
hierarchy of constraints, known as the (2,q)-positivity conditions where the q
indicates their derivation from the nonnegativity of q-body operators. In
addition to the known T1 and T2 conditions, we derive a new class of
(2,3)-positivity conditions. We also derive 3 classes of (2,4)-positivity
conditions, 6 classes of (2,5)-positivity conditions, and 24 classes of
(2,6)-positivity conditions. The constraints obtained can be divided into two
general types: (i) lifting conditions, that is conditions which arise from
lifting lower (2,q)-positivity conditions to higher (2,q+1)-positivity
conditions and (ii) pure conditions, that is conditions which cannot be derived
from a simple lifting of the lower conditions. All of the lifting conditions
and the pure (2,q)-positivity conditions for q>3 require tensor decompositions
of the coefficients in the model Hamiltonians. Subsets of the new
N-representability conditions can be employed with the previously known
conditions to achieve polynomially scaling calculations of ground-state
energies and 2-RDMs of many-electron quantum systems even in the presence of
strong electron correlation
Exactly solvable models in 2D semiclassical dilaton gravity and extremal black holes
Previously known exactly solvable models of 2D semiclassical dilaton gravity
admit, in the general case, only non-extreme black holes. It is shown that
there exist exceptional degenerate cases, that can be obtained by some limiting
transitions from the general exact solution, which include, in particular,
extremal and ultraextremal black holes. We also analyze properties of extreme
black holes without demanding exact solvability and show that for such
solutions quantum backreaction forbids the existence of ultraextreme black
holes. The conditions,under which divergencies of quantum stresses in a free
falling frame can disappear, are found. We derive the closed equation with
respect to the metric as a function of the dilaton field that enables one,
choosing the form of the metric, to restore corresponding Lagrangian. It is
demonstrated that exactly solvable models, found earlier, can be extended to
include an electric charge only in two cases: either the dilaton-gravitation
coupling is proportional to the potential term, or the latter vanishes. The
second case leads to the effective potential with a negative amplitude and we
analyze, how this fact affects the structure of spacetime. We also discuss the
role of quantum backreaction in the relationship between extremal horizons and
the branch of solutions with a constant dilaton.Comment: 31 pages. In v.2 typo in Ref. [2] corrected, 4 references added.
Accepted in Class. Quant. Gra
Quadrupole transitions and quantum gates protected by continuous dynamic decoupling
Dynamical decoupling techniques are a versatile tool for engineering quantum
states with tailored properties. In trapped ions, nested layers of continuous
dynamical decoupling by means of radio-frequency field dressing can cancel
dominant magnetic and electric shifts and therefore provide highly prolonged
coherence times of electronic states. Exploiting this enhancement for frequency
metrology, quantum simulation or quantum computation, poses the challenge to
combine the decoupling with laser-ion interactions for the quantum control of
electronic and motional states of trapped ions. Ultimately, this will require
running quantum gates on qubits from dressed decoupled states. We provide here
a compact representation of nested continuous dynamical decoupling in trapped
ions, and apply it to electronic and states and optical quadrupole
transitions. Our treatment provides all effective transition frequencies and
Rabi rates, as well as the effective selection rules of these transitions. On
this basis, we discuss the possibility of combining continuous dynamical
decoupling and M{\o}lmer-S{\o}rensen gates
Heterogeneous–Homogeneous Catalytic Partial Oxidations Investigated by Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry
Heterogeneous catalytic reactions are often insufficiently described by surface reaction steps only; gas phase contributions are neglected. Surface and gas phase reaction steps can take place simultaneously and are coupled by exchange of energy and reaction intermediates. Catalytic partial oxidations are suspected to proceed via combined heterogeneous–homogeneous mechanisms because of high reaction temperatures and the diradical oxygen as reactant. Gas phase radicals are thought to be key intermediates, but there is little understanding of mechanistic details [1]. To study the mechanism of such reactions we have developed a Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometer (MBMS) equipped with a high temperature catalytic wall reactor
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