33 research outputs found
Resting-state EEG for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A systematic review
Quantitative markers extracted from resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) reveal subtle neurophysiological dynamics which may provide useful information to support the diagnosis of seizure disorders. We performed a systematic review to summarize evidence on markers extracted from interictal, visually normal resting-state EEG in adults with idiopathic epilepsy or psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Studies were selected from 5 databases and evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. 26 studies were identified, 19 focusing on people with epilepsy, 6 on people with PNES, and one comparing epilepsy and PNES directly. Results suggest that oscillations along the theta frequency (4â8âŻHz) may have a relevant role in idiopathic epilepsy, whereas in PNES there was no evident trend. However, studies were subject to a number of methodological limitations potentially introducing bias. There was often a lack of appropriate reporting and high heterogeneity. Results were not appropriate for quantitative synthesis. We identify and discuss the challenges that must be addressed for valid resting-state EEG markers of epilepsy and PNES to be developed
Duration of untreated eating disorder and relationship to outcomes: A systematic review of the literature
Objective: This systematic review assesses the average duration of untreated eating disorder (DUED) in helpâseeking populations at the time of first eating disorder (ED) treatment and investigates the relationship between DUED and symptom severity/clinical outcomes. /
Method: PRISMA guidelines were followed throughout. Selected studies provided information on either: (i) length of DUED, (ii) components of DUED, (iii) crossâsectional associations between DUED and symptom severity, (iv) associations between DUED and clinical outcomes, or (v) experimental manipulation of DUED. Study quality was assessed. /
Results: Fourteen studies from seven countries were included. Across studies, average DUED weighted by sample size was 29.9 months for anorexia nervosa, 53.0 months for bulimia nervosa and 67.4 months for binge eating disorder. A younger age at time of first treatment was indicative of shorter DUED. Retrospective studies suggest that a shorter DUED may be related to a greater likelihood of remission. Manipulation of DUED by shortening serviceârelated delays may improve clinical outcomes. /
Conclusions: Data on length of DUED provide a benchmark for early intervention in EDs. Preliminary evidence suggests DUED may be a modifiable factor influencing outcomes in EDs. To accurately determine the role of DUED, definition and measurement must be uniformly operationalised
Targeting binge eating in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder using inhibitory control training and implementation intentions: A feasibility trial
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via the DOI in this recordBackground. This trial examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effect sizes of clinical
outcomes of an intervention that combines inhibitory control training (ICT) and
implementation intentions (if-then planning) to target binge eating and eating disorder
psychopathology.
Methods. Seventy-eight adult participants with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder
were randomly allocated to receive food-specific, or general, ICT and if-then planning for
four weeks.
Results. Recruitment and retention rates at four weeks (97.5% and 79.5%, respectively) met
the pre-set cut-offs. The pre-set adherence to the intervention was met for the ICT sessions
(84.6%), but not for if-then planning (53.4%). Binge eating frequency and eating disorder
psychopathology decreased in both intervention groups at post-intervention (four weeks) and
follow-up (eight weeks), with moderate to large effect sizes. There was a tendency for greater
reductions in binge eating frequency and eating disorders psychopathology (i.e. larger effect
sizes) in the food-specific intervention group. Across both groups, ICT and if-then planning
were associated with small-to-moderate reductions in high energy-dense food valuation
(post-intervention), food approach (post-intervention and follow-up), anxiety (follow-up),
and depression (follow-up). Participants indicated that both interventions were acceptable.
Conclusions. The study findings reveal that combined ICT and if-then planning is associated
with reductions in binge eating frequency and eating disorder psychopathology, and that the
feasibility of ICT is promising, while improvements to if-then planning condition may be
needed.National Institute for Health Research (NIHR
Dissociating the effects of similarity, salience, and top-down processes in search for linearly separable size targets
Salience-based selection: attentional capture by distractors less salient than the target
Current accounts of attentional capture predict the most salient stimulus to be invariably selected first. However, existing salience and visual search models assume noise in the map computation or selection process. Consequently, they predict the first selection to be stochastically dependent on salience, implying that attention could even be captured first by the second most salient (instead of the most salient) stimulus in the field. Yet, capture by less salient distractors has not been reported and salience-based selection accounts claim that the distractor has to be more salient in order to capture attention. We tested this prediction using an empirical and modeling approach of the visual search distractor paradigm. For the empirical part, we manipulated salience of target and distractor parametrically and measured reaction time interference when a distractor was present compared to absent. Reaction time interference was strongly correlated with distractor salience relative to the target. Moreover, even distractors less salient than the target captured attention, as measured by reaction time interference and oculomotor capture. In the modeling part, we simulated first selection in the distractor paradigm using behavioral measures of salience and considering the time course of selection including noise. We were able to replicate the result pattern we obtained in the empirical part. We conclude that each salience value follows a specific selection time distribution and attentional capture occurs when the selection time distributions of target and distractor overlap. Hence, selection is stochastic in nature and attentional capture occurs with a certain probability depending on relative salience
The SOS Pilot Study: a RCT of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute strokeâeffect on recovery of neurological function at one week
Mild hypoxia is common after stroke and associated with poor long-term outcome. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and improve recovery. A previous study of routine oxygen supplementation showed no significant benefit at 7 and 12 months. This pilot study reports the effects of routine oxygen supplementation for 72 hours on oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes at 1 week after a stroke