Modelling the impact of higher temperature on the phytoplankton of a boreal lake

We linked the models PROTECH and MyLake to test potential impacts of climate-changeinduced warming on the phytoplankton community of Pyhäjärvi, a lake in southwest Finland. First, we calibrated the models for the present conditions, which revealed an apparent high significance of internal nutrient loading for Pyhäjärvi. We then estimated the effect of two climate change scenarios on lake water temperatures and ice cover duration with MyLake. Finally, we used those outputs to drive PROTECH to predict the resultant phytoplankton community. It was evident that cyanobacteria will grow significantly better in warmer water, especially in the summer. Even if phosphorus and nitrogen loads to the lake remain the same and there is little change in the total chlorophyll a concentrations, a higher proportion of the phytoplankton community could be dominated by cyanobacteria. The model outputs provided no clear evidence that earlier ice break would advance the timing of the diatom spring bloom.peerReviewe

HReMAS: Hybrid Real-time Musical Alignment System

[EN] This paper presents a real-time audio-to-score alignment system for musical applications. The aim of these systems is to synchronize a live musical performance with its symbolic representation in a music sheet. We have used as a base our previous real-time alignment system by enhancing it with a traceback stage, a stage used in offline alignment to improve the accuracy of the aligned note. This stage introduces some delay, what forces to assume a trade-off between output delay and alignment accuracy that must be considered in the design of this type of hybrid techniques. We have also improved our former system to execute faster in order to minimize this delay. Other interesting improvements, like identification of silence frames, have also been incorporated to our proposed system.This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" of Spain and FEDER under Projects TEC2015-67387-C4-{1,2,3}-R.Cabañas-Molero, P.; Cortina-Parajón, R.; Combarro, EF.; Alonso-Jordá, P.; Bris-Peñalver, FJ. (2019). HReMAS: Hybrid Real-time Musical Alignment System. The Journal of Supercomputing. 75(3):1001-1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2265-1S10011013753Alonso P, Cortina R, Rodríguez-Serrano FJ, Vera-Candeas P, Alonso-González M, Ranilla J (2017) Parallel online time warping for real-time audio-to-score alignment in multi-core systems. J Supercomput 73(1):126–138Alonso P, Vera-Candeas P, Cortina R, Ranilla J (2017) An efficient musical accompaniment parallel system for mobile devices. J Supercomput 73(1):343–353Arzt A (2016) Flexible and robust music tracking. Ph.D. thesis, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, ÖsterreichArzt A, Widmer G, Dixon S (2008) Automatic page turning for musicians via real-time machine listening. In: Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Amsterdam, pp 241–245Carabias-Orti J, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Vera-Candeas P, Ruiz-Reyes N, Cañadas-Quesada F (2015) An audio to score alignment framework using spectral factorization and dynamic time warping. In: Proceedings of ISMIR, pp 742–748Cont A (2006) Realtime audio to score alignment for polyphonic music instruments, using sparse non-negative constraints and hierarchical HMMs. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings, vol 5. pp V–VCont A, Schwarz D, Schnell N, Raphael C (2007) Evaluation of real-time audio-to-score alignment. In: International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), ViennaDannenberg RB, Raphael C (2006) Music score alignment and computer accompaniment. Commun ACM 49(8):38–43Devaney J, Ellis D (2009) Handling asynchrony in audio-score alignment. In: Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference Computer Music Association. pp 29–32Dixon S (2005) An on-line time warping algorithm for tracking musical performances. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). pp 1727–1728Duan Z, Pardo B (2011) Soundprism: an online system for score-informed source separation of music audio. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process 5(6):1205–1215Ewert S, Muller M, Grosche P (2009) High resolution audio synchronization using chroma onset features. In: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2009 (ICASSP 2009). pp 1869–1872Hu N, Dannenberg R, Tzanetakis G (2003) Polyphonic audio matching and alignment for music retrieval. In: 2003 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics. pp 185–188Kaprykowsky H, Rodet X (2006) Globally optimal short-time dynamic time warping, application to score to audio alignment. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol 5. pp. V–VLi B, Duan Z (2016) An approach to score following for piano performances with the sustained effect. IEEE/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 24(12):2425–2438Miron M, Carabias-Orti JJ, Bosch JJ, Gómez E, Janer J (2016) Score-informed source separation for multichannel orchestral recordings. J Electr Comput Eng 2016(8363507):1–19Muñoz-Montoro A, Cabañas-Molero P, Bris-Peñalver F, Combarro E, Cortina R, Alonso P (2017) Discovering the composition of audio files by audio-to-midi alignment. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational and Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering. pp 1522–1529Orio N, Schwarz D (2001) Alignment of monophonic and polyphonic music to a score. In: Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC), pp 155–158Pätynen J, Pulkki V, Lokki T (2008) Anechoic recording system for symphony orchestra. Acta Acust United Acust 94(6):856–865Raphael C (2010) Music plus one and machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), pp 21–28Rodriguez-Serrano FJ, Carabias-Orti JJ, Vera-Candeas P, Martinez-Munoz D (2016) Tempo driven audio-to-score alignment using spectral decomposition and online dynamic time warping. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 8(2):22:1–22:2

Real-time Soundprism

[EN] This paper presents a parallel real-time sound source separation system for decomposing an audio signal captured with a single microphone in so many audio signals as the number of instruments that are really playing. This approach is usually known as Soundprism. The application scenario of the system is for a concert hall in which users, instead of listening to the mixed audio, want to receive the audio of just an instrument, focusing on a particular performance. The challenge is even greater since we are interested in a real-time system on handheld devices, i.e., devices characterized by both low power consumption and mobility. The results presented show that it is possible to obtain real-time results in the tested scenarios using an ARM processor aided by a GPU, when this one is present.This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" of Spain and FEDER under projects TEC2015-67387-C4-{1,2,3}-R.Muñoz-Montoro, AJ.; Ranilla, J.; Vera-Candeas, P.; Combarro, EF.; Alonso-Jordá, P. (2019). Real-time Soundprism. The Journal of Supercomputing. 75(3):1594-1609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2703-0S15941609753Alonso P, Cortina R, Rodríguez-Serrano FJ, Vera-Candeas P, Alonso-González M, Ranilla J (2017) Parallel online time warping for real-time audio-to-score alignment in multi-core systems. J Supercomput 73:126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1647-5Carabias-Orti JJ, Cobos M, Vera-Candeas P, Rodríguez-Serrano FJ (2013) Nonnegative signal factorization with learnt instrument models for sound source separation in close-microphone recordings. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 2013:184. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-6180-2013-184Carabias-Orti JJ, Rodriguez-Serrano FJ, Vera-Candeas P, Canadas-Quesada FJ, Ruiz-Reyes N (2015) An audio to score alignment framework using spectral factorization and dynamic time warping. In: 16th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, pp 742–748Díaz-Gracia N, Cocaña-Fernández A, Alonso-González M, Martínez-Zaldívar FJ, Cortina R, García-Mollá VM, Alonso P, Ranilla J (2014) NNMFPACK: a versatile approach to an NNMF parallel library. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Computational and Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, pp 456–465Díaz-Gracia N, Cocaña-Fernández A, Alonso-González M, Martínez-Zaldívar FJ, Cortina R, García-Mollá VM, Vidal AM (2015) Improving NNMFPACK with heterogeneous and efficient kernels for $$\beta$$ β -divergence metrics. J Supercomput 71:1846–1856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-014-1363-yDriedger J, Grohganz H, Prätzlich T, Ewert S, Müller M (2013) Score-informed audio decomposition and applications. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp 541–544Duan Z, Pardo B (2011) Soundprism: an online system for score-informed source separation of music audio. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process 5(6):1205–1215Duong NQ, Vincent E, Gribonval R (2010) Under-determined reverberant audio source separation using a full-rank spatial covariance model. IEEE Trans Audio Speech 18(7):1830–1840. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2010.2050716Ewert S, Müller M (2011) Estimating note intensities in music recordings. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp 385–388Ewert S, Pardo B, Mueller M, Plumbley MD (2014) Score-informed source separation for musical audio recordings: an overview. IEEE Signal Process Mag 31:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.2296076Fastl H, Zwicker E (2007) Psychoacoustics. Springer, BerlinGanseman J, Scheunders P, Mysore GJ, Abel JS (2010) Source separation by score synthesis. Int Comput Music Conf 2010:1–4Goto M, Hashiguchi H, Nishimura T, Oka R (2002) RWC music database: popular, classical and jazz music databases. In: ISMIR, vol 2, pp 287–288Goto M (2004) Development of the RWC music database. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Acoustics (ICA 2004), ppp 553–556Hennequin R, David B, Badeau R (2011) Score informed audio source separation using a parametric model of non-negative spectrogram. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) pp 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2011.5946324Itoyama K, Goto M, Komatani K et al (2008) Instrument equalizer for query-by-example retrieval: improving sound source separation based on integrated harmonic and inharmonic models. In: ISMIR. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7341.827Marxer R, Janer J, Bonada J (2012) Low-latency instrument separation in polyphonic audio using timbre models. In: International Conference on Latent Variable Analysis and Signal Separation, pp 314–321Miron M, Carabias-Orti JJ, Janer J (2015) Improving score-informed source separation for classical music through note refinement. In: ISMIR, pp 448–454Ozerov A, Févotte C (2010) Multichannel nonnegative matrix factorization in convolutive mixtures for audio source separation. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 18:550–563. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2009.2031510Ozerov A, Vincent E, Bimbot F (2012) A general flexible framework for the handling of prior information in audio source separation. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 20:1118–1133. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2011.2172425Pätynen J, Pulkki V, Lokki T (2008) Anechoic recording system for symphony orchestra. Acta Acust United Acust 94:856–865. https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.918104Raphael C (2008) A classifier-based approach to score-guided source separation of musical audio. Comput Music J 32:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1162/comj.2008.32.1.51Rodriguez-Serrano FJ, Duan Z, Vera-Candeas P, Pardo B, Carabias-Orti JJ (2015) Online score-informed source separation with adaptive instrument models. J New Music Res 44:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09298215.2014.989174Rodriguez-Serrano FJ, Carabias-Orti JJ, Vera-Candeas P, Martinez-Munoz D (2016) Tempo driven audio-to-score alignment using spectral decomposition and online dynamic time warping. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 8:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/2926717Sawada H, Araki S, Makino S (2011) Underdetermined convolutive blind source separation via frequency bin-wise clustering and permutation alignment. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 19(3):516–527. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASL.2010.2051355Vincent E, Araki S, Theis F et al (2012) The signal separation evaluation campaign (2007–2010): achievements and remaining challenges. Signal Process 92:1928–1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.10.007Vincent E, Bertin N, Gribonval R, Bimbot F (2014) From blind to guided audio source separation: how models and side information can improve the separation of sound. IEEE Signal Process Mag 31:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.229744

Atmospheric stilling leads to prolonged thermal stratification in a large shallow polymictic lake

To quantify the effects of recent and potential future decreases in surface wind speeds on lake thermal stratification, we apply the one-dimensional process-based model MyLake to a large, shallow, polymictic lake, Võrtsjärv. The model is validated for a 3-year period and run separately for 28 years using long-term daily atmospheric forcing data from a nearby meteorological station. Model simulations show exceptionally good agreement with observed surface and bottom water temperatures during the 3-year period. Similarly, simulated surface water temperatures for 28 years show remarkably good agreement with long-term in situ water temperatures. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that decreasing wind speeds has resulted in substantial changes in stratification dynamics since 1982, while increasing air temperatures during the same period had a negligible effect. Atmospheric stilling is a phenomenon observed globally, and in addition to recent increases in surface air temperature, needs to be considered when evaluating the influence of climate change on lake ecosystems

Concert halls with strong and lateral sound increase the emotional impact of orchestra music

An audience's auditory experience during a thrilling and emotive live symphony concert is an intertwined combination of the music and the acoustic response of the concert hall. Music in itself is known to elicit emotional pleasure, and at best, listening to music may evoke concrete psychophysiological responses. Certain concert halls have gained a reputation for superior acoustics, but despite the continuous research by a multitude of objective and subjective studies on room acoustics, the fundamental reason for the appreciation of some concert halls remains elusive. This study demonstrates that room acoustic effects contribute to the overall emotional experience of a musical performance. In two listening tests, the subjects listen to identical orchestra performances rendered in the acoustics of several concert halls. The emotional excitation during listening is measured in the first experiment, and in the second test, the subjects assess the experienced subjective impact by paired comparisons. The results showed that the sound of some traditional rectangular halls provides greater psychophysiological responses and subjective impact. These findings provide a quintessential explanation for these halls' success and reveal the overall significance of room acoustics for emotional experience in music performance.Peer reviewe

Modelling the impact of higher temperature on the phytoplankton of a boreal lake

We linked the models PROTECH and MyLake to test potential impacts of climate-changeinduced warming on the phytoplankton community of Pyhajarvi, a lake in southwest Finland. First, we calibrated the models for the present conditions, which revealed an apparent high significance of internal nutrient loading for Pyhajarvi. We then estimated the effect of two climate change scenarios on lake water temperatures and ice cover duration with MyLake. Finally, we used those outputs to drive PROTECH to predict the resultant phytoplankton community. It was evident that cyanobacteria will grow significantly better in warmer water, especially in the summer. Even if phosphorus and nitrogen loads to the lake remain the same and there is little change in the total chlorophyll a concentrations, a higher proportion of the phytoplankton community could be dominated by cyanobacteria. The model outputs provided no clear evidence that earlier ice break would advance the timing of the diatom spring bloom.</p