5 research outputs found
Improvement of the Correlative AFM and ToF-SIMS Approach Using an Empirical Sputter Model for 3D Chemical Characterization
Technological
progress has spurred the development of increasingly
sophisticated analytical devices. The full characterization of structures
in terms of sample volume and composition is now highly complex. Here,
a highly improved solution for 3D characterization of samples, based
on an advanced method for 3D data correction, is proposed. Traditionally,
secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) provides the chemical distribution
of sample surfaces. Combining successive sputtering with 2D surface
projections enables a 3D volume rendering to be generated. However,
surface topography can distort the volume rendering by necessitating
the projection of a nonflat surface onto a planar image. Moreover,
the sputtering is highly dependent on the probed material. Local variation
of composition affects the sputter yield and the beam-induced roughness,
which in turn alters the 3D render. To circumvent these drawbacks,
the correlation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with SIMS has been
proposed in previous studies as a solution for the 3D chemical characterization.
To extend the applicability of this approach, we have developed a
methodology using AFM–time-of-flight (ToF)-SIMS combined with
an empirical sputter model, “dynamic-model-based volume correction”,
to universally correct 3D structures. First, the simulation of 3D
structures highlighted the great advantages of this new approach compared
with classical methods. Then, we explored the applicability of this
new correction to two types of samples, a patterned metallic multilayer
and a diblock copolymer film presenting surface asperities. In both
cases, the dynamic-model-based volume correction produced an accurate
3D reconstruction of the sample volume and composition. The combination
of AFM–SIMS with the dynamic-model-based volume correction
improves the understanding of the surface characteristics. Beyond
the useful 3D chemical information provided by dynamic-model-based
volume correction, the approach permits us to enhance the correlation
of chemical information from spectroscopic techniques with the physical
properties obtained by AFM
Tuning Plasmon Resonance in Magnetoplasmonic Nanochains by Controlling Polarization and Interparticle Distance for Simple Preparation of Optical Filters
Magnetoplasmonic
Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are assembled
in large scale (18 Ă— 18 mm<sup>2</sup>) in order to observe unique
modulation of plasmonic coupling and optical tunable application via
both external magnetic field and the combination of magnetic dipole
and electrostatic interactions of particle–particle and particle–substrate.
These large nanochains film exhibits outstanding tunability of plasmonic
resonance from visible to near-infrared range by controlling the polarization
angle and interparticle distance (IPD). The enormous spectral shift
mainly originated from far-field rather than near-field coupling of
Ag cores because of the sufficiently large separation between them
in which Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> shell acts as spacer. This tunable
magnetoplasmonic film can be applicable in the field of anisotropic
optical waveguides, tunable optical filter, and nanoscale sensing
platform
Anti-cancerous/Anti-bacterial Activities of Allicin Generated In situ from Diastereo Pure Alliins by Alliinase.
Aims: To facilitate allicin generation in-situ from pure diastereomers of alliin by enzymatic reaction
of alliinase and assess its anti-cancerous/anti-bacterial activities.
Study Design: Chemical synthesis and in-vitro assay of anti-cancerous/anti-bacterial activities.
Place and Duration of Study: Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center,
University of Illinois at Chicago, between February 2014 and February 2015.
Methodology: Cancer cell viability assay MTT assay, bacterial plate-diffusion growth inhibition
assay, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis have been used to demonstrate the anticancerous/anti-pathogen
activities of the in-situ allicin. Diastereomers of alliin are produced by
H2O2 oxidation of deoxyalliin, which is prepared by mixing L-cysteine and allyl bromide. Deoxyalliin
and diastereomers of alliin are purified to high purity with repeated fractional crystallization. In addition, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protected alliin and alliin methyl ester are synthesized
and purified with RP-HPLC to test the importance of amino and carboxyl groups of alliin in alliinase
enzymatic reaction. Alliinase is produced by a simple and effective method from an aqueous garlic
extract
Results: Results from spectrophotometric alliinase activity assay indicate that (+)-L-alliin is more
reactive toward alliinase than (-)-L-alliin, and both amino and carboxyl groups of the cysteine
portion of alliin are critical in alliinase enzymatic reaction. Results from cancer cell viability assay
MTT assay, bacterial plate-diffusion growth inhibition, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis confirm
that the in-situ allicin is as active as allicin purified from aqueous garlic extract or allicin synthesized
chemically in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: We describe here facile pathways to synthesize diastereomerically pure alliins and
isolate allinase. The in-situ allicin conversed from alliin by allinase is very active. The data obtained
here provide useful information on the design of the in-situ allicin strategy
Additional file 1: Table S1. of Concordance of oral HPV prevalence between patients with oropharyngeal cancer and their partners
Demographics, exposure, and HPV-related disease history among all evaluable participants enrolled versus those who were excluded from the final analysis. (DOCX 16 kb
HO[subscript x] observations over West Africa during AMMA: impact of isoprene and NO[subscript x]
Aircraft OH and HO[subscript 2] measurements made over West Africa during the AMMA field campaign in summer 2006 have been investigated using a box model constrained to observations of long-lived species and physical parameters. "Good" agreement was found for HO[subscript 2] (modelled to observed gradient of 1.23 ± 0.11). However, the model significantly overpredicts OH concentrations. The reasons for this are not clear, but may reflect instrumental instabilities affecting the OH measurements. Within the model, HO[subscript x] concentrations in West Africa are controlled by relatively simple photochemistry, with production dominated by ozone photolysis and reaction of O([superscript 1]D) with water vapour, and loss processes dominated by HO[subscript 2] + HO[subscript 2] and HO[subscript 2] + RO[subscript 2]. Isoprene chemistry was found to influence forested regions. In contrast to several recent field studies in very low NO[subscript x] and high isoprene environments, we do not observe any dependence of model success for HO[subscript 2] on isoprene and attribute this to efficient recycling of HO[subscript x] through RO[subscript 2] + NO reactions under the moderate NO[subscript x] concentrations (5–300 ppt NO in the boundary layer, median 76 ppt) encountered during AMMA. This suggests that some of the problems with understanding the impact of isoprene on atmospheric composition may be limited to the extreme low range of NO[subscript x] concentrations