Monopoly Leveraging in Verizon Communications v. Law Offices of Curtis v. Trinko, LLP: Why the United States Supreme Court Should Draw a Clear Line for Anticompetitive Behavior Violative of the Sherman Act

The Court should draw the line for anticompetitive behavior violative of the Sherman Act above the mere gain of a competitive advantage in the second market. If the Supreme Court were to draw the line at this level, the circuit split and the resulting confusion would be ameliorated. By recognizing the three types of conduct that characterize monopoly leveraging, with the exception to the third type of conduct, the Supreme Court would provide much needed guidance for the lower federal courts in determining whether a firm\u27s behavior in a given case rises to the level of the monopoly leveraging. The lower federal courts would have to examine three situations when presented with a monopoly leveraging cause of action: (1) whether monopolization occurred in the second market through leveraging, (2) whether attempted monopolization in the second market occurred through leveraging, or (3) whether the leveraging produced higher prices or reduced output or quality associated with the kind of monopoly that is ordinarily accompanied by a large market share \u27 27° in the second market. A clear pronouncement from the Supreme Court would not only help federal judges, but potential plaintiffs as well, leading ultimately to judicial economy. Those contemplating bringing a cause of action for monopoly leveraging would have guideposts by which to measure the facts of their case against to determine whether the conduct at issue is within the spectrum of actionable conduct. The waters that surround monopoly leveraging have been murky ever since the inception of the doctrine in 1948 in Eastman Kodak. Through Verizon, the Supreme Court has the opportunity to clear the waters once and for all

Monopoly Leveraging in Verizon Communications v. Law Offices of Curtis v. Trinko, LLP: Why the United States Supreme Court Should Draw a Clear Line for Anticompetitive Behavior Violative of the Sherman Act

The Court should draw the line for anticompetitive behavior violative of the Sherman Act above the mere gain of a competitive advantage in the second market. If the Supreme Court were to draw the line at this level, the circuit split and the resulting confusion would be ameliorated. By recognizing the three types of conduct that characterize monopoly leveraging, with the exception to the third type of conduct, the Supreme Court would provide much needed guidance for the lower federal courts in determining whether a firm\u27s behavior in a given case rises to the level of the monopoly leveraging. The lower federal courts would have to examine three situations when presented with a monopoly leveraging cause of action: (1) whether monopolization occurred in the second market through leveraging, (2) whether attempted monopolization in the second market occurred through leveraging, or (3) whether the leveraging produced higher prices or reduced output or quality associated with the kind of monopoly that is ordinarily accompanied by a large market share \u27 27° in the second market. A clear pronouncement from the Supreme Court would not only help federal judges, but potential plaintiffs as well, leading ultimately to judicial economy. Those contemplating bringing a cause of action for monopoly leveraging would have guideposts by which to measure the facts of their case against to determine whether the conduct at issue is within the spectrum of actionable conduct. The waters that surround monopoly leveraging have been murky ever since the inception of the doctrine in 1948 in Eastman Kodak. Through Verizon, the Supreme Court has the opportunity to clear the waters once and for all

Long-term dynamics of Methone, Anthe and Pallene

We numerically investigate the long-term dynamics of the Saturn's small satellites Methone (S/2004 S1), Anthe (S/2007 S4) and Pallene (S/2004 S2). In our numerical integrations, these satellites are disturbed by non-spherical shape of Saturn and the six nearest regular satellites. The stability of the small bodies is studied here by analyzing long-term evolution of their orbital elements. We show that long-term evolution of Pallene is dictated by a quasi secular resonance involving the ascending nodes ($\Omega$) and longitudes of pericentric distances ($\varpi$) of Mimas (subscript 1) and Pallene (subscript 2), which critical argument is $\varpi_2-\varpi_1-\Omega_1+\Omega_2$. Long-term orbital evolution of Methone and Anthe are probably chaotic since: i) their orbits randomly cross the orbit of Mimas in time scales of thousands years); ii) numerical simulations involving both small satellites are strongly affected by small changes in the initial conditions.Comment: 9 pages; 4 figures. Submitted to Proceedings IAU Symposium No. S263, 200

Riesgos psicosociales e integración profesional de médicos extranjeros: un estudio sobre el manejo del conflicto en la zona central de Chile

The way in which communicative conflicts are confronted, as part of the acculturation process, can constitute a psychosocial risk factor that may affect the effectiveness of health care delivery. Aim: To describe the levels of dominance, adaptability and evasion as indicators of the way in which conflict situations are faced in the workplace by foreign physicians in the management of communicative conflicts. Materials and methods: A self-report questionnaire was answered by 51 foreign physicians (63% women, 76% Venezuelans, 64% aged between 31 and 40 years old) who work in public healthcare institutions in a southern region of Chile. Results: The highest scores were recorded for the adaptable style of conflict management (69%), while the lowest scores were recorded for the evasive style (6%). Higher levels of dominance were identified for women than for men. There was a positive association between dominance and time progression, where the level of dominance increased as participants gained greater professional experience and workplace seniority. Conclusions: The foreign physicians who participated in this study have a clear constructive attitude towards the negotiation of conflicts. However, this effort to adapt can also become a psychosocial risk factor that affects professional integration in intercultural workplace contexts.Fil: Lazzaro-Salazar, Mariana. Universidad Católica del Maule. Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado; Chile.Fil: Pujol-Cols, Lucas J. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina

Planktivores and plankton dynamics : effects of fish biomass and planktivore type

Les auteurs ont quantifié les incidences de la biomasse et du type de planctophage dans le cadre d'une étude expérimentale en mésocosmes. Cette étude était conçue en fonction d'un plan factoriel d'expérience combinant cinq niveaux de biomasse de poisson (de O, à 75 g/m3) avec deux types de planctophage, soit l'alose à gésier (#Dorosoma cepedianum), un filtreur, et le crapet arlequin (#Lepomis macrochirus), un chasseur visuel. Une augmentation de la biomasse de poisson était accompagnée d'une baisse du nombre de cladocères, de cyclopoïdes et de chironomides et de la teneur en phosphore particulaire ...; inversement l'abondance de rotifères, de flagellés unicellulaires, d'algues vertes coloniales et unicellulaires, de diatomées pennées, la productivité primaire, la turbidité et les teneurs en chlorophylle a, en phosphore total ... ont augmenté ... Bien que la chaîne des cascades trophiques de l'alose à gésier et celle du crapet soleil soient différentes, la biomasse de poisson jouait un rôle plus important que le type de planctophage comme régulateur des communautés planctoniques et de la qualité de l'eau. (D'après résumé d'auteur

General health and perceived/feared discrimination in the LGBT+ community

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la discriminación percibida y temida, y la salud general de personas LGBT+ de acuerdo a su nivel educativo, identidad de género y nivel socio-económico. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional. La muestra constó de 120 personas participantes mayores de edad de la región del Maule (Chile), pertenecientes a la comunidad LGBT+, que respondieron una encuesta de manera virtual debido a la pandemia por SARS CoV-2. La encuesta también incluyó una pregunta abierta que proporcionó un espacio para que las personas participantes compartieran experiencias de discriminación con respecto al trato recibido del personal de enfermería. Los datos cuantitativos se examinaron mediante análisis descriptivos e inferenciales (pruebas de diferencia de medias y correlaciones). Los relatos extraídos se analizaron siguiendo técnicas de análisis temático y discursivo. Resultados: si bien la discriminación percibida tuvo una prevalencia baja en la muestra, un 44,17% expresó temor a no ser querido, 38,33% a no encontrar trabajo, y 32,51% a ser rechazado por su familia por ser parte de la comunidad LGBT+. Asimismo, la discriminación fue mayor en el grupo de personas trans y se reflejó principalmente en despidos injustificados, dificultades para encontrar empleo o maltratos en la provisión de servicios de salud. Finalmente, se encontró que las personas participantes expuestas a mayor discriminación también reportaron una peor salud general. Conclusiones: la discriminación es un problema que afecta a la comunidad LGBT+, particularmente al colectivo trans. Las serias implicaciones de la discriminación para la salud de las personas ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de diseñar estrategias, políticas y reglamentaciones tendientes a fomentar la tolerancia y la integración.Objective: to analyze the relationship of perceived and feared discrimination with general health in LGBT+ people according to schooling level, gender identity and socioeconomic level. Method: a cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted. The sample consisted of 120 participants of legal age from the Maule region (Chile) who belonged to the LGBT+ community and answered an online survey due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The survey also included an open question for the participants to share discrimination experiences regarding the treatment received from the Nursing personnel. The quantitative data were examined by means of descriptive and inferential analyses (means difference and correlation tests). The results extracted were analyzed following the thematic and discursive analysis techniques. Results: although perceived discrimination had low prevalence in the sample, 44.17%, 38.33% and 32.51% manifested fear of not being loved, of not finding a job and of being rejected by their family for being part of the LGBT+ community, respectively. Likewise, discrimination was higher in the group of trans people and was mainly reflected in unjustified dismissals, difficulties finding a job or ill-treatment in the provision of health services. Finally, it was found that the participants exposed to more discrimination also reported worse general health. Conclusions: discrimination is a problem that affects the LGBT+ community, particularly the trans collective. The severe implications of discrimination for people's health evidence the need to design strategies, policies and regulations aimed at fostering tolerance and integration.Fil: Ortega Quezada, Iván Rodrigo. Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile.Fil: Pujol-Cols, Lucas J. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.Fil: Lazzaro-Salazar, Mariana. Universidad Católica del Maule. Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule; Chile