Serum galectin-9 levels are elevated in the patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Background: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces apoptosis in activated T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells as a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3). Gal-9 also inhibits the G1 phase cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy in db/db mice, the hallmark of early diabetic nephropathy, by reversing the high glucose-induced up-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors such as p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). Methods: We investigated the serum levels of Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes and various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 182). Results: Serum Gal-9 levels in the patients with type 2 diabetes were 131.9 +/- 105.4 pg/ml and Log(10)Gal-9 levels significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.227, p = 0.002), creatinine (r = 0.175, p = 0.018), urea nitrogen (r = 0.162, p = 0.028) and osmotic pressure (r = 0.187, p = 0.014) and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = -0.188, p = 0.011). Log(10)Gal-9 levels increased along with the progression of GFR categories of G1 to G4, and they were statistically significant by Jonckheere-Terpstra test (p = 0.012). Log(10)Gal-9 levels remained similar levels in albuminuria stages of A1 to A3. Conclusion: The elevation of serum Gal-9 in the patients with type 2 diabetes is closely linked to GFR and they may be related to the alteration of the immune response and inflammation of the patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD

A hierarchical model for the cash transfer system design problem

This paper presents a hierarchical model that incorporates strategic, tactical, and operational decisions of cash transfer management system of a bank. The aim of the model is to decide on the location of cash management centers, the number and routes of vehicles, and the cash inventory management policies to minimize the cost of owning and operating a cash transfer system while maintaining a pre-defined service level. Owing to the difficulty of finding optimal decisions in such integrated models, an iterative solution approach is proposed in which strategic, tactical, and operational problems are solved separately via a feedback mechanism. Numerical results show that such an approach is quite effective in reaching at greatly improved solutions with just a few iterations, making it a very promising approach for similar models

LATS2 is De-methylated and Overexpressed in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Predicts Poor Prognosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>LATS2, which encodes a novel serine/threonine kinase, is known to be important in centrosome duplication and in the maintenance of genomic stability. Recently, a potential role for LATS2 in cancer has been reported. In breast cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), LATS2 mRNA is downregulated and has been suggested to be a tumor suppressor. However, the role of LATS2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of LATS2 and its clinicopathological involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma to understand its effect on cell survival.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using quantitative real time PCR and immunoblotting, the expression of LATS2 was detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and in the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed LATS2 protein expression in 220 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases. The association of LATS2 protein expression with the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were subsequently assessed. Using methylation specific PCR, we detected the methylation status of the LATS2 promoter. RNA interference was performed by transfecting siRNA to specifically knock down LATS2 expression in 5-8F and CNE2.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>LATS2 protein was detected in 178 of 220 (80.91%) cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. LATS2 overexpression was a significant, independent prognosis predictor (<it>P </it>= 0.037) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Methylation specific PCR revealed that 36.7% (11/30) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and all of the chronic nasopharyngeal inflammation samples were methylated. Functional studies showed that the suppression of LATS2 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (5-8F and CNE2) cell lines by using specific small interfering (siRNA) resulted in the inhibition of growth, induction of apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle increase. Overexpression of LATS2 in NP69 stimulated cell proliferation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that LATS2 might play a role in the tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by promoting the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Transfection with specific siRNA might be feasible for the inhibition of growth, induction of apoptosis and S phase increase in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.</p

Detection of antimicrobial activities and bacteriocin structural genes in faecal enterococci of wild animals

The production of antimicrobial activities as well as the presence of bacteriocin structural genes (entA, entB, entP, entQ, cylL, entAS-48, bac31, and entL50A/B) were studied in 140 non-selected faecal enterococcal isolates recovered from wild animals. Eight different indicator strains (including Listeria monocytogenes, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and different enterococcal species) were used for antimicrobial activity detection. Twenty-five of the 140 enterococci (18%) showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes and 33 additional isolates (24%) showed antimicrobial activity against other indicator strains, but Listeria. At least one bacteriocin structural gene was detected in 17 of the 25 enterococci with antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes and different combinations of entA, entB, entP, entQ, entL50A/B, and cylL genes were detected; entA and entB were the most prevalent detected genes, and they were generally associated. Bacteriocin structural genes were detected in 10 of 33 isolates with antimicrobial activity against indicator strains other than Listeria, and the cylL gene was the most prevalent one, especially in E. faecalis isolates. © 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved

Antibiotic resistance and virulence of faecal enterococci isolated from food-producing animals in Tunisia

Antimicrobial agents exert a selection pressure not only on pathogenic, but also on commensal bacteria of the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of different enterococcal species and to analyse the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated, as well as the genetic diversity in enterococci recovered from faecal samples of food-producing animals (poultry, beef and sheep) in Tunisia. Antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated were studied in 87 enterococci recovered from 96 faecal samples from animals of Tunisian farms. Enterococcus faecium was the most prevalent species detected (46 %), followed by E. hirae (33.5 %). High percentages of resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline were found among our isolates, and lower percentages to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin were identified. Most of the tetracycline-resistant isolates carried the tet(M) and/or tet(L) genes. The erm(B) gene was detected in all erythromycin-resistant isolates. The ant(6)-Ia, aph(3)-Ia and aac(6)-aph(2) genes were detected in nine aminoglycoside-resistant isolates. Of our isolates, 11.5 % carried the gelE gene and exhibited gelatinase acitivity. The esp gene was detected in 10 % of our isolates and the hyl gene was not present in any isolate. The predominant species (E. faecium and E. hirae) showed a high genetic diversity by repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR. Food animals might play a role in the spread through the food chain of enterococci with virulence and resistance traits to humans. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and the University of Milan