Contrasting the beam interaction characteristics of selected lasers with a partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ) bio-ceramic

Differences in the beam interaction characteristics of a CO2 laser, a Nd:YAG laser, a high power diode laser (HPDL) and an excimer laser with a partially stabilised zirconia (PSZ) bio-ceramic have been studied. A derivative of Beer-Lambert’s law was applied and the laser beam absorption lengths of the four lasers were calculated as 33.55 x 10-3 cm for the CO2 laser, 18.22 x 10-3 cm for the Nd:YAG laser, 17.17 x 10-3 cm for the HPDL and 8.41 x 10-6 cm for the excimer laser. It was determined graphically that the fluence threshold values at which significant material removal was effected by the CO2 laser, the Nd:YAG laser, the HPDL and the excimer laser were 52 J/cm2, 97 J/cm2, 115 J/cm2 and 0.48 J/cm2 respectively. The thermal loading value for the CO2 laser, the Nd:YAG laser, the HPDL and the excimer laser were calculated as being 1.55 kJ/cm3, 5.32 kJ/cm3, 6.69 kJ/cm3 and 57.04 kJ/cm3 respectively

話題展開に見られる自己開示 : 日本語母語話者と韓国人日本語学習者の初対面から3回の会話を通して

本研究では、関係形成初期からの過程の変化を捉えるため、初対面の相手との3回の会話データを元に韓国人日本語学習者(以下KJ)と日本語母語話者(以下J)の①話題導入の提示方②話題の種類及び自己開示の内容③話題ごとの構造の変化を考察した。その結果、KJは話題導入のために自己開示と質問が多く現れ、Jは話題を存続するため自己開示や質問が出現する。話題の種類は、KJの1回目の会話はJの2倍ぐらい多く2回目から急激に減る。KJは、1回目の会話では話題の存続が少ない反面Jは、1回目の会話から1つの話題の存続が長い。KJ、Jも3回の会話を通し、1つの話題の存続が長くなった。KJの話 題展開のパターンは多様であり、KJにだけ現れるパターンがあった。3回目の会話ではKJもJもパターンが少なくなって、出現するパターンも共通していることが明らかになった。KJは、初対面の間から急速に親密になろうとする傾向があり、Jは相手と安定的に徐々に進展しようとすることが示唆された。In the research, in order to capture the change in the process from the beginning of the relationship formation, three times based on the conversation data (1) Introduction of topics way (2) Types of topics and contents of self-disclosure (3) Examined the structural changes of each topic. As a result, KJ have many self-disclosure and questions for introduction of topics, J have self-disclosure and questions to persist the topic. The type of topic is that the first conversation of KJ is twice as many as J, and the second conversation suddenly decreases. In KJ, while the topic does not long in the first conversation, J have a long topic from the first conversation. KJ\u27s topic development pattern is diverse, and there are only patterns that appear in KJ. In the third conversation, both KJ and J had fewer patterns, and that the emerging patterns are also common

Synthesis and Thermodynamic Analysis of Volatile Beta-Diketone Complexes of Select Lanthanides via Gas-Phase Separations

Rapid separation techniques for fission and activation products have long been desired to supplant the slow solution-based methodologies currently used. In this work, rare earth elements were derivatized with β [beta]-diketones to synthesize rare earth complexes with high volatility suitable for gas-phase separations. Rare earth elements samarium and dysprosium were combined with hfac (1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentadione) and fod (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione) and analyzed using a gas-phase separation technique. Rare earth elements praseodymium and europium were combined with dpm (2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-3,5-heptanedione) and similarly analyzed. Employing the data from the separations, the entropy (Δ [delta] S) and enthalpy (Δ [delta] H) of adsorption were evaluated mathematically based on compound retention within the thermochromatographic test apparatus. New thermodynamic values for enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were calculated as -1±3 kJ/mol and -49±8 J/mol*K for Sm[hfac], 31±8 kJ/mol and 26±16 J/mol*K for Dy[hfac], -20±40 kJ/mol and -94±94 J/mol*K for Sm[fod], 27±4 kJ/mol and 21±10 J/mol*K for Dy[fod], -24±2 kJ/mol and -98±5 J/mol*K for Pr[dpm], and -12±0 kJ/mol and -68±0 J/mol*K for Eu[dpm]

Designer molecular probes for phosphonium ionic liquids

Investigations into the extent of structuring present in phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) have been carried out using photochromic molecular probes. Three spiropyran derivatives containing hydroxyl (BSP-1), carboxylic acid (BSP-2) and aliphatic chain (C14H29) (BSP-3) functional groups have been analysed in a range of phosphonium based ionic liquids and their subsequent physico-chemical interactions were reported. It is believed that the functional groups locate the probe molecules into specific regions based upon the interaction of the functional groups with particular and defined regions of the ionic liquid. This structuring results in thermodynamic, kinetic and solvatochromic parameters that are not predictable from classical solvent models. BSP-1 and BSP-2 exhibit generally negative entropies of activation ranging from -50 J K-1 mol-1 to -90 J K-1 mol-1 implying relatively low solvent–solute interactions and possible anion interactions with IL polar functional groups. Higher than expected activation energies of 60 kJ mol-1 to 100 kJ mol-1 obtained for polar probes maybe be due to IL functional groups competing with the charged sites of the merocyanine (MC) isomer thus reducing MC stabilisation effects. Differences in thermal relaxation rate constants (2.5 × 10-3 s-1 in BSP-1 and 3 × 10-4 s-1 in BSP-2 in [P6,6,6,14][dbsa]) imply that while the polar probe systems are primarily located in polar/charged regions, each probe experiences slightly differing polar domains. BSP-3 entropies of activation are positive and between 30 J K-1 mol-1 to 66 J K-1 mol-1. The association of the non-polar functional group is believed to locate the spiropyran moiety in the interfacial polar and non-polar regions. The thermal relaxation of the MC form causes solvent reorientation to accommodate the molecule as it reverts to its closed form. Slow thermal relaxation rate constants were obserevd in contrast to high activation energies (5 × 10-4 s-1 and 111.91 kJ mol-1 respectively, for BSP-3 in [P6,6,6,14][dbsa]). This may be due to steric effects arising from proposed nano-cavity formation by the alkyl chains in phosphonium based ILs