Akselitiivistämisestä ja sulkuaineen käytöstä prosessiteollisuudessa

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli tutkia prosessiteollisuudessa käytettäviä akselitiivistimiä, joita ovat punostiivisteet sekä mekaaniset ja dynaamiset tiivisteet. Työssä keskityttiin kuvaamaan niiden ominaispiirteitä, käyttöön liittyviä haasteita ja sulkuaineen eli tiivisteveden käyttöä tiivistämisen tukena. Työssä pyrittiin myös selvittämään tiivistämisen merkitystä kustannustehokkuuden näkökulmasta. Tässä työssä tiivistämiseen perehdyttiin kirjallisuuden ja konkreettisen tehtaalla tapahtuvan havainnoinnin pohjalta. Kirjallisuuskatsaus koostuu kotimaisesta ja ulkomaisesta kirjallisuudesta sekä verkkolähteistä. Työ tehtiin yhteistyössä Efora Oy:n kanssa Stora Enson sellutehtaalla Oulussa. Tämän työn perusteella voidaan todeta, että tiivisteveden käyttöä on mahdollista rajoittaa yksinkertaisilla toimenpiteillä, kuten lämpötilaohjatulla venttiilillä. Sulkuaineen käytön minimoinnilla saavutetaan merkittävästi hyötyjä niin taloudellisesta kuin toiminnallisesta näkökulmasta. Työssä saadut tulokset ovat yleistettävissä samankaltaisiin tiivistämistarpeisiin.Shaft sealing and use of sealing liquid in process industry. Abstract. The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to research shaft seals which are used in process industry. The forms of shaft seals are stuffing box packing, mechanical seals and dynamic seals. The thesis focused on describing the characteristic of seals, the challenges related to their use and the use of sealing fluid as a support for sealing. The thesis also looked at the importance of sealing from a cost-effectiveness perspective. In this thesis, sealing was researched based on literature and factory observation. The literature review consists of domestic and foreign literature and online sources. This project was done in cooperation with Efora Oy at the Stora Enso pulp mill in Oulu. Based on this work, it is possible to limit the use of sealing fluid by simple measures, such as a temperature-controlled valve. Minimizing the use of sealing fluid offers significant benefits both economically and operationally. The results obtained in the thesis can be generalized to similar sealing needs

Bimodality In Interim Reports: An Analysts' View

Cumulative abnormal residuals (cars) show how markets adjust to published information. Theoretically, cars are assumed to display unit normal behavior.  Despite its merits, car has proved to be a somewhat imprecise measure of market response to published information.  In practice, cars exhibit considerable deviation from theoretical unit normal behavior. Three disparities between theory and practice can be pinpointed.  These are car: (1) location, (2) shape, and (3) stability.  In our previous work we have demonstrated that cars are often bimodally distributed.  This finding shows one reason why it takes semistrong efficient markets some time to digest new information. Cars, for the time period during which markets analyze the new value determining data, are usually bimodally distributed. One mode of the distribution represents the impact of good news. The other peak is caused by bad news.  The valley, between the two peaks, indicates the influence of neutral news.  This paper analyzes the interim reports, which constitute the data for our previous related studies. This research identifies the type of new information that creates bimodal cars

An Analysis of the Impact of Varying Levels of Interim Disclosure on Finnish Share Prices within Five Days of the Announcement

This research examines the relationship between interim reports submitted to the Helsinki Exchanges and the share prices of reporting firms over the over the period 1985-93. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the differences in magnitude and timing of price changes associated with three levels of voluntary disclosure: (1) less-than expected, (2) about-as expected and (3) greater-than expected. The findings are that price adjustments begin on the announcement day for firms that report in magnitudes about-as expected. The share prices initially rise above the association period value, confirming DeBondt & Thaler (1985). Then, share prices decline to the association period value, confirming Daniel, Hirshleifer & Subrahmanyam (1998). This helps resolve an apparent empirical conflict. The reaction is delayed by one day for firms reporting in less-than expected amounts. The market reaction is delayed three days for firms reporting in greater-than expected magnitudes. This provides the additional insight that the amount of interim information disclosed matters to the investor: a finding that contradicts the efficient markets hypothesis (Fama, 1970). This research is concerned with the magnitude of reporting, only. Further insights may be gained in subsequent research focusing on the quality of the reports

Archaea are prominent members of the prokaryotic communities colonizing common forest mushrooms

In this study, the abundance and composition of prokaryotic communities associated with the inner tissue of fruiting bodies of Suillus bovinus, Boletus pinophilus, Cantharellus cibarius, Agaricus arvensis, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Piptoporus betulinus were analyzed using culture-independent methods. Our findings indicate that archaea and bacteria colonize the internal tissues of all investigated specimens and that archaea are prominent members of the prokaryotic community. The ratio of archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers to those of bacteria was >1 in the fruiting bodies of four out of six fungal species included in the study. The largest proportion of archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences belonged to thaumarchaeotal classes Terrestrial group, Miscellaneous Crenar-chaeotic Group (MCG), and Thermoplasmata. Bacterial communities showed characteristic compositions in each fungal species. Bacterial classes Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and Clostridia were prominent among communities in fruiting body tissues. Bacterial populations in each fungal species had different characteristics. The results of this study imply that fruiting body tissues are an important habitat for abundant and diverse populations of archaea and bacteria.Peer reviewe

Analyzing gene expression from marine microbial communities using environmental transcriptomics

Analogous to metagenomics, environmental transcriptomics (metatranscriptomics) retrieves and sequences environmental mRNAs from a microbial assemblage without prior knowledge of what genes the community might be expressing. Thus it provides the most unbiased perspective on community gene expression in situ. Environmental transcriptomics protocols are technically difficult since prokaryotic mRNAs generally lack the poly(A) tails that make isolation of eukaryotic messages relatively straightforward 1 and because of the relatively short half lives of mRNAs 2. In addition, mRNAs are much less abundant than rRNAs in total RNA extracts, thus an rRNA background often overwhelms mRNA signals. However, techniques for overcoming some of these difficulties have recently been developed. A procedure for analyzing environmental transcriptomes by creating clone libraries using random primers to reverse-transcribe and amplify environmental mRNAs was recently described was successful in two different natural environments, but results were biased by selection of the random primers used to initiate cDNA synthesis 3. Advances in linear amplification of mRNA obviate the need for random primers in the amplification step and make it possible to use less starting material decreasing the collection and processing time of samples and thereby minimizing RNA degradation 4.In vitro transcription methods for amplifying mRNA involve polyadenylating the mRNA and incorporating a T7 promoter onto the 3 end of the transcript. Amplified RNA (aRNA) can then be converted to double stranded cDNA using random hexamers and directly sequenced by pyrosequencing 5. A first use of this method at Station ALOHA demonstrated its utility for characterizing microbial community gene expression 6

Dynamics of market correlations: Taxonomy and portfolio analysis

The time dependence of the recently introduced minimum spanning tree description of correlations between stocks, called the ``asset tree'' have been studied to reflect the economic taxonomy. The nodes of the tree are identified with stocks and the distance between them is a unique function of the corresponding element of the correlation matrix. By using the concept of a central vertex, chosen as the most strongly connected node of the tree, an important characteristic is defined by the mean occupation layer (MOL). During crashes the strong global correlation in the market manifests itself by a low value of MOL. The tree seems to have a scale free structure where the scaling exponent of the degree distribution is different for `business as usual' and `crash' periods. The basic structure of the tree topology is very robust with respect to time. We also point out that the diversification aspect of portfolio optimization results in the fact that the assets of the classic Markowitz portfolio are always located on the outer leaves of the tree. Technical aspects like the window size dependence of the investigated quantities are also discussed.Comment: 13 pages including 12 figures. Uses REVTe

Arthroscopic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction Using Graft Augmentation and Titanium Implants

Several techniques have been introduced to treat acromioclavicular separation with coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using graft augmentation. A modified arthroscopic technique for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction was used based on a previous technique where the supportive device and tendon graft share the clavicular and coracoid drill holes. A notable problem with the previous technique was large protruding suture knots on the washer and clavicle, which could predispose to wound infection. In this modified technique, titanium implants were introduced. The implants hid the suture knot on the clavicle, and less foreign material was needed between the clavicular and coracoid implants.</p

Different mechanisms are involved in apoptosis induced by melanoma gangliosides on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Tumor escape is linked to multiple mechanisms, notably the liberation, by tumor cells, of soluble factors that inhibit the function of dendritic cells (DC). We have shown that melanoma gangliosides impair DC differentiation and induce their apoptosis. The present study was aimed to give insight into the mechanisms involved. DC apoptosis was independent of the catabolism of gangliosides since lactosylceramide did not induce cell death. Apoptosis induced by GM3 and GD3 gangliosides was not blocked by inhibitors of de novo ceramide biosynthesis, whereas the acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor desipramine only prevented apoptosis induced by GM3. Furthermore, our results suggest that DC apoptosis was triggered via caspase activation, and it was ROS dependent with GD3 ganglioside, suggesting that GM3 and GD3 induced apoptosis through different mechanisms

Greater Fructose Consumption Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Markers and Visceral Adiposity in Adolescents

Though adolescents consume more fructose than any other age group, the relationship between fructose consumption and markers of cardiometabolic risk has not been established in this population. We determined associations of total fructose intake (free fructose plus one-half the intake of free sucrose) with cardiometabolic risk factors and type of adiposity in 559 adolescents aged 14–18 y. Fasting blood samples were measured for glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, and C-reactive protein. Diet was assessed with 4–7 24-h recalls and physical activity (PA) was determined by accelerometry. Fat-free soft tissue (FFST) mass and fat mass were measured by DXA. The s.c. abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were assessed using MRI. Multiple linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, race, Tanner stage, FFST mass, fat mass, PA, energy intake, fiber intake, and socioeconomic status, revealed that fructose intake was associated with VAT (β = 0.13; P = 0.03) but not SAAT (P = 0.15). Significant linear upward trends across tertiles of fructose intake were observed for systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and C-reactive protein after adjusting for the same covariates (all P-trend 0.05). In adolescents, higher fructose consumption is associated with multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk, but it appears that these relationships are mediated by visceral obesity

Innate Immune Function in Placenta and Cord Blood of Hepatitis C – Seropositive Mother-Infant Dyads

Vertical transmission accounts for the majority of pediatric cases of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection. In contrast to the adult population who develop persistent viremia in ∼80% of cases following exposure, the rate of mother-to-child transmission (2–6%) is strikingly low. Protection from vertical transmission likely requires the coordination of multiple components of the immune system. Placenta and decidua provide a direct connection between mother and infant. We hypothesized that innate immune responses would differ across the three compartments (decidua, placenta and cord blood) and that hepatitis C exposure would modify innate immunity in these tissues. The study was comprised of HCV-infected and healthy control mother and infant pairs from whom cord blood, placenta and decidua were collected with isolation of mononuclear cells. Multiparameter flow cytometry was performed to assess the phenotype, intracellular cytokine production and cytotoxicity of the cells. In keeping with a model where the maternal-fetal interface provides antiviral protection, we found a gradient in proportional frequencies of NKT and γδ-T cells being higher in placenta than cord blood. Cytotoxicity of NK and NKT cells was enhanced in placenta and placental NKT cytotoxicity was further increased by HCV infection. HCV exposure had multiple effects on innate cells including a decrease in activation markers (CD69, TRAIL and NKp44) on NK cells and a decrease in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both placenta and cord blood of exposed infants. In summary, the placenta represents an active innate immunological organ that provides antiviral protection against HCV transmission in the majority of cases; the increased incidence in preterm labor previously described in HCV-seropositive mothers may be related to enhanced cytotoxicity of NKT cells