Environmental Display Can Buffer the Effect of Pesticides on Solitary Bees

Environmental quality (e.g., diversity of resource availability, nesting sites, environmental display) plays an important role in an animal's life. While homogeneous environments can restrict organisms from developing activities such as food seeking (behavioral impairment), more complex environments allow animals to perform activities with learning and behavioral perfecting outcomes. Pesticides are known to affect the learning and foraging behaviors of bees; however, little is known about the counterbalance displayed by the environment. Herein, we conducted two experiments that simulated distinct environmental displays, in which the effects of a fungicide (IndarTM 5EW-febunconazole) on solitary bee foraging activities were tested. We found that the fungicide only impaired the activities of bees in one of the studied environments. The difference in visitation rates and flower exploitation of bees between the two different environmental displays led to changes in metrics of bee-flower networks across environments. Linkage density, a metric associated with pollination efficiency that is known to be impacted by different environments, differed across environments. Our results showed that ecological interaction network metrics can differ regarding the different environmental displays. This study indicates that environmental complexity helps balance the negative effects of pesticides on solitary bees and highlights the potential use of solitary bees as model organisms for experimental simulations of environmental change

Ionization fronts in negative corona discharges

In this paper we use a hydrodynamic minimal streamer model to study negative corona discharge. By reformulating the model in terms of a quantity called shielding factor, we deduce laws for the evolution in time of both the radius and the intensity of ionization fronts. We also compute the evolution of the front thickness under the conditions for which it diffuses due to the geometry of the problem and show its self-similar character.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Power laws and self-similar behavior in negative ionization fronts

We study anode-directed ionization fronts in curved geometries. When the magnetic effects can be neglected, an electric shielding factor determines the behavior of the electric field and the charged particle densities. From a minimal streamer model, a Burgers type equation which governs the dynamics of the electric shielding factor is obtained. A Lagrangian formulation is then derived to analyze the ionization fronts. Power laws for the velocity and the amplitude of streamer fronts are observed numerically and calculated analytically by using the shielding factor formulation. The phenomenon of geometrical diffusion is explained and clarified, and a universal self-similar asymptotic behavior is derived.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

Breakdown in hydrogen and deuterium gases in static and radio-frequency fields

We report the results of a combined experimental and modeling study of the electrical breakdown of hydrogen and deuterium in static (DC) and radio-frequency (RF) (13.56 MHz) electric fields. For the simulations of the breakdown events, simplified models are used and only electrons are traced by Monte Carlo simulation. The experimental DC Paschen curve of hydrogen is used for the determination of the effective secondary electron emission coefficient. A very good agreement between the experimental and the calculated RF breakdown characteristics for hydrogen is found. For deuterium, on the other hand, presently available cross section sets do not allow a reproduction of RF breakdown characteristics

Positive and negative streamers in ambient air: modeling evolution and velocities

We simulate short positive and negative streamers in air at standard temperature and pressure. They evolve in homogeneous electric fields or emerge from needle electrodes with voltages of 10 to 20 kV. The streamer velocity at given streamer length depends only weakly on the initial ionization seed, except in the case of negative streamers in homogeneous fields. We characterize the streamers by length, head radius, head charge and field enhancement. We show that the velocity of positive streamers is mainly determined by their radius and in quantitative agreement with recent experimental results both for radius and velocity. The velocity of negative streamers is dominated by electron drift in the enhanced field; in the low local fields of the present simulations, it is little influenced by photo-ionization. Though negative streamer fronts always move at least with the electron drift velocity in the local field, this drift motion broadens the streamer head, decreases the field enhancement and ultimately leads to slower propagation or even extinction of the negative streamer.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure

NUV/Blue spectral observations of sprites in the 320-460 nm region: N2{\mathrm N_2} (2PG) Emissions

A near-ultraviolet (NUV) spectrograph (320-460 nm) was flown on the EXL98 aircraft sprite observation campaign during July 1998. In this wavelength range video rate (60 fields/sec) spectrographic observations found the NUV/blue emissions to be predominantly N2 (2PG). The negligible level of N2+ (1NG) present in the spectrum is confirmed by observations of a co-aligned, narrowly filtered 427.8 nm imager and is in agreement with previous ground-based filtered photometer observations. The synthetic spectral fit to the observations indicates a characteristic energy of ~1.8 eV, in agreement with our other NUV observations.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, JGR Space Physics "Effects of Thunderstorms and Lightning in the Upper Atmosphere" Special Sectio

Meio de cultura para o enraizamento in vitro de Heliconia chartacea var. Sexy Pink.

A Heliconia chartacea var. Sexy Pink é uma planta ornamental tropical de grande interesse na floricultura brasileira, cuja micropropagação permite a obtenção de mudas em larga escala em espaço e tempo reduzidos. Com o objetivo de determinar a composição do meio de cultura para o enraizamento in vitro da H. chartacea var. Sexy Pink, brotações com 3–5 cm de altura foram cultivados em meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog(1962)com metade da concentração salina original (MS/2) suplementado com diferentes concentrações de sacarose (0; 15; 30; 45 e 60 g L-1). A ausência de uma fonte de açúcar não inibiu a formação de raízes, porém estas foram poucas e muito finas(0,6 raízes/planta). Quando a concentração de sacarose utilizada foi de 15 a 60 g L-1, a produção da biomassa da raiz foi maior, aumentando a possibilidade de sobrevivência na fase de aclimatizaçãocommédiasde2,7 raízes/planta(15 g L-1), 3,4 raízes/planta(30g L-1), 4 raízes/planta (45 g L-1), e a 60 g L-1(3,5 raízes/planta), porém as concentrações de 45 e 60 g L-1de sacarose apresentaram redução na massa seca das raízes(0,20 e 0,21 g/planta respectivamente), pois favoreceu a formação de raízes mais grossas e quebradiças, devido ao maior acúmulo de água nos tecidos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no número médio de raízes emitidas por explante nas diferentes concentrações de sacarose a exceção do tratamento controle, porém comparando-se o peso seco das raízes, pode-se afirmar que a adição de sacarose na concentração de 30 g L-1no meio MS/2, foi a que apresentou maior incremento de massa seca da raiz (0,23g/planta) comparado ao tratamento controle (0,38 g/planta). A concentração de 30 g L-1também conferiu um melhor desenvolvimento do sistema radicular com uma média de comprimento da maior raiz de 91 mm, a partir desta concentração, no entanto, houve a redução no comprimento, apresentando média de 82 mm a 45 g L-1e 72 mm a 60 g L-1 próxima a obtida a 15 g L-1(67 mm). Conclui-se que a adição de sacarose na concentração de 30 g L-1no meio MS/2foi a que apresentou maior incremento de massa, demonstrando ser esta concentração mais adequada para o enraizamento da Heliconia chartacea var. Sexy Pink nas condições testadas

Observations of Microwave Continuum Emission from Air Shower Plasmas

We investigate a possible new technique for microwave measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) extensive air showers which relies on detection of expected continuum radiation in the microwave range, caused by free-electron collisions with neutrals in the tenuous plasma left after the passage of the shower. We performed an initial experiment at the AWA (Argonne Wakefield Accelerator) laboratory in 2003 and measured broadband microwave emission from air ionized via high energy electrons and photons. A follow-up experiment at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) in summer of 2004 confirmed the major features of the previous AWA observations with better precision and made additional measurements relevant to the calorimetric capabilities of the method. Prompted by these results we built a prototype detector using satellite television technology, and have made measurements indicating possible detection of cosmic ray extensive air showers. The method, if confirmed by experiments now in progress, could provide a high-duty cycle complement to current nitrogen fluorescence observations of UHECR, which are limited to dark, clear nights. By contrast, decimeter microwave observations can be made both night and day, in clear or cloudy weather, or even in the presence of moderate precipitation.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figure

The moving boundary problem in the presence of a dipole magnetic field

An exact analytic solution is obtained for a uniformly expanding, neutral, infinitely conducting plasma sphere in an external dipole magnetic field. The electrodynamical aspects related to the radiation and transformation of energy were considered as well. The results obtained can be used in analyzing the recent experimental and simulation data.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, Submitted to J. Phys. A, Math. and Genera

Streamer Propagation as a Pattern Formation Problem: Planar Fronts

Streamers often constitute the first stage of dielectric breakdown in strong electric fields: a nonlinear ionization wave transforms a non-ionized medium into a weakly ionized nonequilibrium plasma. New understanding of this old phenomenon can be gained through modern concepts of (interfacial) pattern formation. As a first step towards an effective interface description, we determine the front width, solve the selection problem for planar fronts and calculate their properties. Our results are in good agreement with many features of recent three-dimensional numerical simulations.Comment: 4 pages, revtex, 3 ps file