Influence of water soluble diffusates on root initiation in woody ornamental and Vigna radiata L. cuttings

Treatments with aqueous diffusates from Salix species and other easy-to-root plants have promoted adventitious rooting of stem cuttings. Aqueous plant diffusates from some difficult-to-root plants have been known to contain rooting inhibitors. This study investigated the use of aqueous diffusates of both contorted willow (Salix xerythroflexuosa RAG.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as sources of root promoting substances and white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus L.) as a source of an inhibitor on woody ornamental cuttings. The effects of leaching stem cuttings in water as a pretreatment was also investigated. Aqueous diffusates of either contorted willow or black locust were tested for root promoting activity on three ornamental plants: holly (Ilex x\u27Nellie R. Stevens\u27), Chinese fringetree (Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxt.) and white fringetree, and on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) White fringetree diffusate was tested as a root inhibitor on holly. On 8 July 1996, water diffusates were prepared from fresh chopped terminal stems of either locust or willow (680 g for each species) that were steeped in 4 liters of water for 24 hours. One hundred eighty cuttings of holly, Chinese fringetree, and white fringetree were leached in running tap water (1 liter / 15 minutes) for 24 hours. All cuttings were then double wounded. Twenty cuttings of each species were then treated with either 0.0%, 0.8%, or 3.0% IBA in talc. The remaining cuttings were divided into two groups of sixty and placed in either locust or willow diffusate for 24 hours. Within these two groups, twenty cuttings of each species were treated with either 0.0%, 0.8%, or 3.0% IBA in talc. After 61 days, holly cuttings treated with 3.0% IBA produced the greatest mean number of roots but were not significantly different from those treated with locust diffusate followed by 0.8% and 3.0% IBA. After 71 days, Chinese fringetree cuttings treated with locust diffusate followed by 3.0% ffiA produced the greatest mean number of roots but were not significantly different than locust diffusate followed by 0.8% IBA. After 75 days, only one white fringetree cutting treated with locust diffusate followed by 3.0% IBA produced roots. A similar test using willow diffusate followed by 3.0% EBA on softwood cuttings of juvenile white fringetree resulted in an 80% success rate. A comparison of leached and non-leached cuttings of Chinese fringetree and white fringetree was made to determine their effects on rooting. On 9 July 1996, 60 cuttings of each species were double wounded; of these, 20 cuttings were treated with 3.0% IBA in talc; 20 cuttings received a 24 hour soak in locust diffusate followed by 3.0% IBA in talc; and 20 cuttings received a 24 hour soak in willow diffusate followed by 3.0% IBA in talc. These cuttings were compared to the water-leached cuttings in the previous experiment. After 71 days, non-leached cuttings treated with willow diffusate followed by 3.0% EBA produced the highest mean number of roots and were significantly different from all other treatments. White fringetree diffusate was prepared by placing ten fresh terminal shoots basal end down in a beaker containing 200 ml of water for 24 hours. Terminal shoots were then discarded. Twenty softwood cuttings of holly were leached in water for 24 hours, double wounded and placed basal end down in the diffusate for 24 hours. Cuttings were then treated with 3.0% IBA in talc. These holly cuttings were compared to holly cuttings treated with either a water control, or locust diffusate, or willow diffusate followed by 3.0% IB A in the first experiment. After 61 days, results showed white fringetree diffusate did not inhibit rooting, and promoted more roots than willow diffusate followed by 3.0% IBA. A mung bean bioassay was used to partially characterize and verify the effects of the diffusates. Diffusates were made from chopped frozen locust or willow terminal stems placed in water (10 g / 300 ml H2O), and stirred for 24 hours. Mung bean cuttings treated with either locust or willow diffusate (5 ml / 10 ml H2O ) plus 8 ppm IBA stimulated the production of roots more than IBA or either diffusate alone. A dose response test showed a significant increase in rooting as concentrations increased (0%, 3.3%, 16.7%, 25.0%, and 33.3%) for both diffusates. Ethyl acetate extracts of each diffusates at pH 3.0 produced more roots than extracts at pH 7.0. A thermal stability test (20 min. at 121C) of the diffusates showed locust and willow diffusates/extracts maintained most of their root promoting activity. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography of locust diffusate and pH 3.0 extract showed no detectable color spots when tested for indoles. Willow diffusate showed five detectable color bands, which were pink and rose in character, at Rf 0.05, 0.25, 0.35, 0.68, and 0.93. Willow extract pH 3.0 showed four similarly colored bands at Rf 0.24, 0.38, 0.54, and 0.73. These colors indicated the presence of indoles in the willow diffusate and the willow extract pH 3.0. Willow diffusate fraction four (Rf = 0.68) was the only band that produced significantly more roots than a water control in the mung bean bioassay. Results of this thesis support the use of easy-to-root plant diffusates followed by IBA in talc to increase rooting of moderate to difficult-to-root plants such as Chinese fringetree and white fringetree. The mung bean bioassay demonstrated root promoting substances existed in both locust and willow diffusate and their pH 3.0 ethyl acetate extracts. Both locust diffusate and locust extract pH 3.0 failed to produce color spots when tested for indoles after thin layer chromatography. Both willow diffusate and willow extract pH 3.0 tested positive for four to five indoles but these were unidentified

The Significance of Theological Interpretation as Demonstrated in Case Study: Adam-Christ Typology and Categories of Representation

To whom are the Scriptures directed? What is their ultimate source? In the study of any given passage of Scripture, how much importance, if any, should be attached to other passages of Scripture, written by different authors, for the purpose of understanding its meaning? Is typology a legitimate hermeneutical methodology, or does it inevitably twist the local meanings of passages away from their historical contexts? This poster will present an argument for the importance of the ways in which theological exegesis provides compelling answers for these questions, and will present a case study of the use of this method in regard to Adam-Christ typology. A canonical, theological, and typological consideration of Scripture reveals at least six titles or concepts linking Adam and Christ: image of God, priest, king of creation, man-son of Man, son of God, and covenant head. There is also evidence that persons with each of these titles and/or concepts are involved in representative, vicarious identification with their people—a theme which is most clearly elucidated and elaborated in regard to Adam and Christ in Romans 5:12–21

A Historical Overview of the Primarily Independent Origins of Original Sin and Infant Baptism in the Fathers Until Augustine

The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical development of original sin (the foundational element of soteriology) and that of baptism (one of the essential rituals of the Church which concerns its nature), particularly infant baptism, something closely associated with original sin after the time of Augustine. This study will show that the origins of infant baptism were largely independent of the emergence of the doctrine of original sin, but that it arose instead due to various other historical and theological factors—a certain reading of John 3:5, high infant mortality rate and low life expectancy, “emergency baptisms” immediately before death (due to the preceding two items), and especially the ex opere operato view of the sacraments

Solid particle erosion and viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes

The wear resistance of several thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) having different chemical nature and micronscale arrangement of the hard and soft segments has been investigated by means of erosion and abrasion tests. The goal was correlating the erosion performances of the materials to their macroscopic mechanical properties. Unlike conventional tests, such as hardness and tensile measurements, viscoelastic analysis proved to be a valuable tool to study the erosion resistance of TPUs. In particular, a strict correlation was found between the erosion rate and the high-frequency (~10^7 Hz) loss modulus. The latter reflects the actual ability of TPU to dissipate the impact energy of the erodent particles

Null Distribution Of The Likelihood Ratio Statistic For Feed-Forward Neural Networks

Despite recent publications exploring model complexity with modern regression methods, their dimensionality is rarely quantified in practice and the distributions of related test statistics are not well characterized. Through a simulation study, we describe the null distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic for several different feed-forward neural network models

ANALISI DEL COMPORTAMENTO AD INDENTAZIONE IN TRAVI SANDWICH IN COMPOSITO CON ANIMA IN SCHIUMA POLIMERICA

Nel presente lavoro si propone una estensione dei modelli basati sulla teoria delle travi vincolate su una fondazione cedevole di tipo Winkler per lo studio del comportamento ad indentazione di travi sandwich in schiuma polimerica sollecitate da carichi concentrati. L’approccio proposto è in grado di considerare schiume polimeriche aventi comportamento a compressione di tipo non lineare. Sono derivate soluzioni analitiche in forma chiusa della curva di indentazione per anime in schiuma polimerica il cui comportamento a compressione è approssimabile con un andamento bi-lineare. In tal modo è possibile considerare comportamenti di softening o hardening della schiuma nel tratto post-elastico. Le previsioni dei modelli sviluppati sono confrontate con le curve di indentazione misurate su travi sandwich realizzate con schiume di poliammide e polistirene estruso. I modelli proposti migliorano la simulazione del processo di indentazione rispetto ai modelli classici basati su un comportamento a compressione della schiuma polimerica di tipo elastico-perfettamente plastico

Predicted Versus Actual Savings for a Low-Rise Multifamily Retrofit in Boulder, Colorado

To determine the most cost-effective methods of improving buildings, accurate analysis and prediction of the energy use of existing buildings is essential. However, multiple studies confirm that analysis methods tend to over-predict energy use in poorly insulated, leaky homes and thus, the savings associated with improving those homes. In NREL's report titled 'Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Energy Analysis of Residential Buildings,' researchers propose a method for improving the accuracy of residential energy analysis methods. A key step in this process involves the comparisons of predicted versus metered energy use and savings. In support of this research need, CARB evaluated the retrofit of a multifamily building in Boulder, CO. The updated property is a 37 unit, 2 story apartment complex built in 1950, which underwent renovations in early 2009 to bring it into compliance with Boulder, CO's SmartRegs ordinance. Goals of the study were to: 1) evaluate predicted versus actual savings due to the improvements, 2) identify areas where the modeling assumptions may need to be changed, and 3) determine common changes made by renters that would negatively impact energy savings. In this study, CARB seeks to improve the accuracy of modeling software while assessing retrofit measures to specifically determine which are most effective for large multifamily complexes in the cold climate region. Other issues that were investigated include the effects of improving building efficiency on tenant comfort, the impact on tenant turnover rates, and the potential market barriers for this type of community scale project