The Picric Acid Method of Sugar Determinations as Applied to Solutions Containing Maltose and Lactose

Lewis and Benedict based their method of sugar determination upon the reaction which takes place when a glucose solution is heated with a few C.C. of picric acid to which a small amount of alkali has been added

Гаджеты в медицине

Currently, the main trend in the field of health care is a widespread use of modern information technologies and establishment of medical information systems, which assist in the evaluation of patients. The most affordable means of medical care are gadgets

Multifractal properties of critical eigenstates in two-dimensional systems with symplectic symmetry

The multifractal properties of electronic eigenstates at the metal-insulator transition of a two-dimensional disordered tight-binding model with spin-orbit interaction are investigated numerically. The correlation dimensions of the spectral measure $\widetilde{D}_{2}$ and of the fractal eigenstate $D_{2}$ are calculated and shown to be related by $D_{2}=2\widetilde{D}_{2}$. The exponent $\eta=0.35\pm 0.05$ describing the energy correlations of the critical eigenstates is found to satisfy the relation $\eta=2-D_{2}$.Comment: 6 pages RevTeX; 3 uuencoded, gzipped ps-figures to appear in J. Phys. Condensed Matte

Host-specific symbiotic requirement of BdeAB, a RegR-controlled RND-type efflux system in Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Multidrug efflux systems not only cause resistance against antibiotics and toxic compounds but also mediate successful host colonization by certain plant-associated bacteria. The genome of the nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum encodes 24 members of the family of resistance/nodulation/cell division (RND) multidrug efflux systems, of which BdeAB is genetically controlled by the RegSR two-component regulatory system. Phylogenetic analysis of the membrane components of these 24 RND-type transporters revealed that BdeB is more closely related to functionally characterized orthologs in other bacteria, including those associated with plants, than to any of the other 23 paralogs in B. japonicum. A mutant with a deletion of the bdeAB genes was more susceptible to inhibition by the aminoglycosides kanamycin and gentamicin than the wild type, and had a strongly decreased symbiotic nitrogen-fixation activity on soybean, but not on the alternative host plants mungbean and cowpea, and only very marginally on siratro. The host-specific role of a multidrug efflux pump is a novel feature in the rhizobia-legume symbioses. Consistent with the RegSR dependency of bdeAB, a B. japonicum regR mutant was found to have a greater sensitivity against the two tested antibiotics and a symbiotic defect that is most pronounced for soybea

Preparation And Characterization Of Composite Hollow Fiber Reverse Osmosis Membranes By Plasma Polymerization. 1. Design Of Plasma Reactor And Operational Parameters

Composite hollow fiber reverse osmosis membranes were prepared by depositing a thin layer (10-50 nm) of plasma polymers on hollow fibers with porous walls (made of polysulfone). The coating was carried out in a semicontinuous manner with six strands of substrate fibers. Operational parameters which influence reverse osmosis characteristics of composite membranes were investigated. © 1984, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Impact Of Sleep Restriction And Recovery On Motivation During Repeated Cognitive Performance Testing

Introduction: Both motivation and sleep deprivation affect cognitive performance. Especially during long-lasting studies with repeated cognitive performance tasks there is concern that subjects will lose motivation over time. Results may be confounded due to changes in motivation. Methods: In an ongoing study, 29 healthy volunteers performed 55 cognitive performance tasks at three-hourly intervals in a 12-day inpatient study. After two baseline nights with 8 h time in bed (TIB) the intervention group (N=20; mean age 26 ± 4 years, 9 females) underwent chronic sleep restriction for 5 nights (5 h TIB) with a following recovery night of 8 h TIB. The control group (N=9; mean age 25 ± 5 years, 3 females) had the opportunity to sleep 8 hours every night. Participants completed the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and a questionnaire about their motivation (from 1=very little/not motivated to 5=very motivated) at 6 p.m. on all days. Results: Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed a significant decrease in motivation (p=.0439) and a significant increase in subjective sleepiness (p=.0184) from baseline (motivation: 2.8 ± 0.6 (SD), sleepiness: 3.2 ± 1.2) to the last day of chronic sleep restriction (motivation: 2.2 ± 0.5, sleepiness: 5.1 ± 1.8) for the experimental group. Motivation remained low after recovery sleep (2.2 ± 0.8; p=.0198). Sleepiness and motivation scores showed a significant Spearman correlation (r=-0.43, p<0.001). Discussion: Chronic sleep restriction for five days leads to an increase in sleepiness and a decrease in motivation. One night of recovery is insufficient to reverse the motivation loss, contrasting with the beneficial effect on sleepiness. During chronic sleep restriction conditions subjective motivation seems to decrease as a function of subjective sleepiness

Computer simulation of the critical behavior of 3D disordered Ising model

The critical behavior of the disordered ferromagnetic Ising model is studied numerically by the Monte Carlo method in a wide range of variation of concentration of nonmagnetic impurity atoms. The temperature dependences of correlation length and magnetic susceptibility are determined for samples with various spin concentrations and various linear sizes. The finite-size scaling technique is used for obtaining scaling functions for these quantities, which exhibit a universal behavior in the critical region; the critical temperatures and static critical exponents are also determined using scaling corrections. On the basis of variation of the scaling functions and values of critical exponents upon a change in the concentration, the conclusion is drawn concerning the existence of two universal classes of the critical behavior of the diluted Ising model with different characteristics for weakly and strongly disordered systems.Comment: 14 RevTeX pages, 6 figure

Self-Averaging, Distribution of Pseudo-Critical Temperatures and Finite Size Scaling in Critical Disordered Systems

The distributions $P(X)$ of singular thermodynamic quantities in an ensemble of quenched random samples of linear size $l$ at the critical point $T_c$ are studied by Monte Carlo in two models. Our results confirm predictions of Aharony and Harris based on Renormalization group considerations. For an Ashkin-Teller model with strong but irrelevant bond randomness we find that the relative squared width, $R_X$, of $P(X)$ is weakly self averaging. $R_X\sim l^{\alpha/\nu}$, where $\alpha$ is the specific heat exponent and $\nu$ is the correlation length exponent of the pure model fixed point governing the transition. For the site dilute Ising model on a cubic lattice, known to be governed by a random fixed point, we find that $R_X$ tends to a universal constant independent of the amount of dilution (no self averaging). However this constant is different for canonical and grand canonical disorder. We study the distribution of the pseudo-critical temperatures $T_c(i,l)$ of the ensemble defined as the temperatures of the maximum susceptibility of each sample. We find that its variance scales as $(\delta T_c(l))^2 \sim l^{-2/\nu}$ and NOT as $\sim l^{-d}. We find that$R_\chi$is reduced by a factor of$\sim 70$with respect to$R_\chi (T_c)$by measuring$\chi$of each sample at$T_c(i,l)$. We analyze correlations between the magnetization at criticality$m_i(T_c,l)$and the pseudo-critical temperature$T_c(i,l)$in terms of a sample independent finite size scaling function of a sample dependent reduced temperature$(T-T_c(i,l))/T_c$. This function is found to be universal and to behave similarly to pure systems.Comment: 31 pages, 17 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Trait self-control and beliefs about the utility of emotions for initiatory and inhibitory self-control

How do people with high trait self-control achieve their success? This research aimed to provide evidence for beliefs about emotion utility as a potential mechanism. Specifically, because beliefs about the utility of emotions predict emotion regulation and successful performance, we investigate the hypothesis that trait self-control influences beliefs about the utility of emotions for self-control. Two preregistered studies examined whether beliefs about the utility of emotions in everyday self-control situations varied depending on the person (trait self-control) and the situation (initiatory or inhibitory self-control). Our key finding was that people considered positive emotions more useful for self-control than negative emotions. This effect was also moderated by situational and individual factors, such that positive emotions were considered especially useful by participants with high trait self-control and in situations requiring initiatory self-control (with the opposite effect for negative emotions). This research suggests a potential role for instrumental emotion regulation in self-control success

Metal-insulator transition in a multilayer system with a strong magnetic field

We study the Anderson localization in a weakly coupled multilayer system with a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the layers. The phase diagram of 1/3 flux quanta per plaquette is obtained. The phase diagram shows that a three-dimensional quantum Hall effect phase exists for a weak on-site disorder. For intermediate disorder, the system has insulating and normal metallic phases separated by a mobility edge. At an even larger disorder, all states are localized and the system is an insulator. The critical exponent of the localization length is found to be $\nu=1.57\pm0.10$.Comment: Latex file, 3 figure