Método inovador para avaliar o efeito da temperatura na seletividade de iodosulfuron-methyl na cultura de aveia

Temperature affects the selectivity of post-emergence herbicides in a complex manner. The objective of this work was to develop a method to estimate the impact of temperature on herbicide selectivity using the white oat (Avena sativa) crop and iodosulfuron-methyl as study models. Greenhouse/growth-chamber experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with the treatments arranged as a bi-factorial, with three repetitions. The first factor consisted of six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 24, 28 and 32 oC) to which the plants were submitted during one week after the herbicide spray. The second factor corresponded to seven doses of iodosulfuron-methyl (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 5 and 20 g ha-1). For each temperature, regression curves were fitted to the dose-response data. The rate of herbicide efficacy was computed through the method first proposed in this study. The crop tolerance to the herbicide increased proportionally to the temperature, suggesting the product detoxification is improving crop selectivity. In practical terms, it is predicted that white oat crop tolerance to iodosulfuron-methyl increases in regions of the world with high temperatures. The method developed here also can be used to understand the effect of temperature on herbicide efficacy on weeds.A temperatura impacta a seletividade de herbicidas em pós-emergência de forma complexa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método para estimar o impacto da temperatura na seletividade de herbicida, utilizando aveia cultivada (Avena sativa) e iodosulfuron-methyl como modelos de estudo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação/câmaras de crescimento, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos arranjados como bifatorial, com três repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu de seis temperaturas (10, 15, 20, 24, 28 e 32 oC), a que foram submetidas as plantas durante uma semana após a pulverização. O segundo fator correspondeu a sete doses de iodosulfuron (0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,8; 1,2; 5; e 20 g ha-1). Para cada temperatura, curvas de regressão foram ajustadas aos dados de dose-resposta. A taxa de eficácia do herbicida foi calculada por método inovador aqui descrito. A tolerância da cultura ao herbicida aumentou proporcionalmente com a temperatura, sugerindo que a detoxificação do produto está beneficiando a seletividade. Em termos práticos, espera-se que a tolerância das culturas de aveia-branca ao herbicida iodosulfuron seja acentuada em regiões do mundo com temperaturas elevadas. O método desenvolvido aqui pode ser usado para determinar o efeito da temperatura na eficácia de herbicidas em plantas daninhas

Base molecular para resistência a fluazifop-p-butyl em capim-camalote (rottboellia cochinchinensis) da Costa Rica

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is an annual grass weed species known as itchgrass, or “caminadora” in America´s Spanish speaking countries, and has become a major and troublesome weed in several crops. The application of fluazifop-P-butyl at recommended rates (125 g a.i. ha-1) was observed to be failing to control itchgrass in a field in San José, Upala county, Alajuela province, Costa Rica. Plants from the putative resistant R. cochinchinensis population survived fluazifop-P-butyl when treated with 250 g a.i. ha-1 (2X label rate) at the three- to four-leaf stage under greenhouse conditions. PCR amplification and sequencing of partial carboxyl transferase domain (CT) of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) gene were used to determine the molecular mechanism of resistance. A single non-synonymous point mutation from TGG (susceptible plants) to TGC (putative resistant plants) that leads to a Trp-2027-Cys substitution was found. This Trp-2027-Cys mutation is known to confer resistance to all aryloxyphenoxyproprionate (APP) herbicides to which fluazifop-P-butyl belongs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fluazifop-P-butyl resistance and a mutation at position 2027 for a Costa Rican R. cochinchinensis population.Rottboellia cochinchinensis, espécie de planta daninha anual conhecida como capim-camalote, ou “caminadora”, em países de língua espanhola das Américas, tornou-se uma planta daninha significativa e problemática em diversas culturas. Observou-se que a aplicação de fluazifop-p-butyl nas doses recomendadas (125 g i.a. ha-1) não conseguiu controlar capim-camalote em uma região em San José, condado de Upala, província de Alajuela, Costa Rica. As plantas da população supostamente resistente de R. cochinchinensis sobreviveram a fluazifop-p-butyl quando tratadas com 250 g i.a. ha-1 (2X a dose do rótulo) na fase de três a quatro folhas em condições de estufa. Amplificação e sequenciamento de reação em cadeia da polimerase de domínio de transferase de ácido carboxílico parcial (TC) do gene acetil-CoA carboxilase (ACCase) foram utilizados para determinar o mecanismo molecular de resistência. Foi encontrada uma mutação de ponto não sinônimo individual de TGG (plantas suscetíveis) para TGC (plantas supostamente resistentes) que conduz a uma substituição de Trp-2027-Cys. Sabe-se que essa mutação de Trp-2027-Cys confere resistência a todos os herbicidas ariloxifenoxipropionatos (AFP) a que fluazifop-p-butyl pertence. Pelo visto, este é o primeiro relato de resistência a fluazifop-p-butyl de uma mutação na posição 2027 para uma população costarriquenha de R. cochinchinensisWest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/[]//United States of AmericaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM

Effect of Row Spacing on Competition of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

To investigation the yield and yield component of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in conventional and ultra narrow row spacings, in competition with velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement of treatments, with three replications at Experimental Station of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during 2011 growing season. The treatments were three row spacings (20, 40 and 80cm) of cotton (as main plot) and five densities (0 (control), 1, 3, 5 and 12 plant.m-2) of velvetleaf (as subplot). Results showed that, almost all vegetative characteristics and yield components of the cotton were decreased with decreasing crop row spacing and increase weed density. In contrast, number of bolls per unit area was increased by reducing cotton row spacing. Rectangular hyperbola model was used to describe relation between cotton yield and weed density. The highest yield (4986.73 kg.ha-1) was obtained in 40 cm cotton row spacing and weed free condition. Cotton yield was decreased with increasing weed density. Based on function estimate, cotton yield lose rooted on come of first weed in competition with cotton planted in 20, 40 and 80 cm row spacing was, 15.59, 34.19 and 66.12, respectively. This study showed that, in ultra-row spacing the cotton is more competitor with over velvetleaf density because increasing the plant density lead to increase the crop ability to resource using in compared with weeds. Too, ultra narrow cotton have produced sustainable yield in competition with over weed density in compared with conventional row