The Influence of Different Stresses on Glomalin Levels in an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus—Salinity Increases Glomalin Content

Glomalin is a glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and the soil fraction containing glomalin is correlated with soil aggregation. Thus, factors potentially influencing glomalin production could be of relevance for this ecosystem process and for understanding AM fungal physiology. Previous work indicated that glomalin production in AM fungi may be a stress response, or related to suboptimal mycelium growth. We show here that environmental stress can enhance glomalin production in the mycelium of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices. We applied NaCl and glycerol in different intensities to the medium in which the fungus was grown in vitro, causing salinity stress and osmotic stress, respectively. As a third stress type, we simulated grazing on the extraradical hyphae of the fungus by mechanically injuring the mycelium by clipping. NaCl caused a strong increase, while the clipping treatment led to a marginally significant increase in glomalin production. Even though salinity stress includes osmotic stress, we found substantially different responses in glomalin production due to the NaCl and the glycerol treatment, as glycerol addition did not cause any response. Thus, our results indicate that glomalin is involved in inducible stress responses in AM fungi for salinity, and possibly grazing stress

Cadastro Territorial Multifinalitário: dados e problemas de implementação do convencional ao 3D e 4D

O cadastro territorial multifinalitário é considerado uma ferramenta eficaz para o ordenamento territorial. Com o passar dos tempos, sua aplicação deixa de ser apenas fiscal e passa a ser mais direcionado à gestão territorial, à proteção ambiental e ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Num contexto mais amplo, a implementação do cadastro multifinalitário traz benefícios gerenciais e de planejamento para as organizações governamentais e para o setor privado. Além disso, proporciona benefícios diretos aos cidadãos, melhoria no acesso às informações territoriais, mais precisão na avaliação da propriedade em casos de compra ou venda, identificação da localização de serviços básicos, entre outros. Considerando esses aspectos, este artigo tem como finalidade descrever de uma forma geral, os componentes do cadastro territorial multinalitário e apresentar algumas reflexões acerca dos benefícios da sua implementação. Descreve, ainda, os Cadastros 3D e 4D e discute alguns problemas sobre a implantação do cadastro multifinalitário no Brasil

Party System Institutionalization and Reliance on Personal Income Tax in Developing Countries

This paper explores the effect of party system institutionalization on the relevance of the personal income tax in the tax composition. Based on a fiscal contractualism approach, it is argued that institutionalized political party systems increase the capacity of political actors to credibly commit to fiscal contracts agreed with wealthy taxpayers. Consequently, in countries characterized by institutionalized political party systems wealthy taxpayers accept paying a bigger share of the tax burden, as reflected in a greater relevance of progressive tax types. The analysis of panel data for more than 90 countries from 1990 to 2010 supports this hypothesis, showing that party system institutionalization has an especially significant and strong positive effect on the relevance of the personal income tax where bureaucratic capacity is low. At high levels of bureaucratic capacity the effect disappears. The findings strongly support the claim that, particularly in developing countries, where bureaucratic capacity tends to be limited, taxation is best understood as a problem of credible commitment