248 research outputs found
The Douglas-Peucker algorithm for line simplification: Re-evaluation through visualization
The primary aim of this paper is to illustrate the value of visualization in cartography and to indicate that tools for the generation and manipulation of realistic images are of limited value within this application. This paper demonstrates the value of visualization within one problem in cartography, namely the generalisation of lines. It reports on the evaluation of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm for line simplification. Visualization of the simplification process and of the results suggest that the mathematical measures of performance proposed by some other researchers are inappropriate, misleading and questionable
Cartographic Algorithms: Problems of Implementation and Evaluation and the Impact of Digitising Errors
Cartographic generalisation remains one of the outstanding challenges in digital cartography and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It is generally assumed that computerisation will lead to the removal of spurious variability introduced by the subjective decisions of individual cartographers. This paper demonstrates through an inâdepth study of a line simplification algorithm that computerisation introduces its own sources of variability. The algorithm, referred to as the DouglasâPeucker algorithm in cartographic literature, has been widely used in image processing, pattern recognition and GIS for some 20 years. An analysis of this algorithm and study of some implementations in wide use identify the presence of variability resulting from the subjective decisions of software implementors. Spurious variability in software complicates the processes of evaluation and comparison of alternative algorithms for cartographic tasks. No doubt, variability in implementation could be removed by rigorous study and specification of algorithms. Such future work must address the presence of digitising error in cartographic data. Our analysis suggests that it would be difficult to adapt the DouglasâPeucker algorithm to cope with digitising error without altering the method. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserve
The Douglas-Peucker line simplification algorithm : an introduction with programs
CISRG discussion paper ;
Line generalisation by repeated elimination of points
This paper presents a new approach to line generalisation which uses the concept of âeffective areaâ for progressive simplification of a line by point elimination. Two coastlines are used to compare the performance of this, with that of the widely used Douglas-Peucker, algorithm. The results from the area-based algorithm compare favourably with manual generalisation of the same lines. It is capable of achieving both imperceptible minimal simplifications and caricatural generalisations. By careful selection of cutoff values, it is possible to use the same algorithm for scale-dependent and scale-independent generalisations. More importantly, it offers scope for modelling cartographic lines as consisting of features within features so that their geometric manipulation may be modified by application- and/or user-defined rules and weights. The paper examines the merits and limitations of the algorithm and the opportunities it offers for further research and progress in the field of line generalisation. © 1993 Maney Publishing
The clumpiness of molecular clouds: HCO+ (3--2) survey near Herbig-Haro objects
Some well-studied Herbig Haro objects have associated with them one or more
cold, dense, and quiescent clumps of gas. We propose that such clumps near an
HH object can be used as a general measure of clumpiness in the molecular cloud
that contains that HH object. Our aim is to make a survey of clumps around a
sample of HH objects, and to use the results to make an estimate of the
clumpiness in molecular clouds. All known cold, dense, and quiescent clumps
near HH objects are anomalously strong HCO+ emitters. Our method is, therefore,
to search for strong HCO+ emission as an indicator of a clump near to an HH
object. The searches were made using JCMT and SEST in the HCO+ 3-2 and also
H13CO+ 1-0 lines, with some additional searches for methanol and sulphur
monoxide lines. The sources selected were a sample of 22 HH objects in which no
previous HCO+ emission had been detected. We find that half of the HH objects
have clumps detected in the HCO+ 3-2 line and that all searches in H13CO$+ 1-0
lines show evidence of clumpiness. All condensations have narrow linewidths and
are evidently unaffected dynamically by the HH jet shock. We conclude that the
molecular clouds in which these HH objects are found must be highly
heterogeneous on scales of less than 0.1 pc. An approximate calculation based
on these results suggests that the area filling factor of clumps affected by HH
objects is on the order of 10%. These clumps have gas number densities larger
than 3e4 cm-2.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
N4WBP5A (Ndfip2), a Nedd4-interacting protein, localizes to multivesicular bodies and the Golgi, and has a potential role in protein trafficking
N4WBP5A (Ndfip2) belongs to an evolutionarily conserved group of Nedd4-interacting proteins with two homologues in mammalian species. We have previously shown that N4WBP5A expression in Xenopus oocytes results in increased cell-surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel. N4WBPs are characterized by one or two amino terminal PPxY motifs and three transmembrane domains. Here we show that both PPxY motifs of N4WBP5A mediate interaction with WW domains of Nedd4 and that N4WBP5A can physically interact with the WW domains of several Nedd4-family proteins. N4WBP5A is ubiquitinated and ubiquitination does not significantly affect the turnover of N4WBP5A protein. Ubiquitination of N4WBP5A is enhanced by Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 expression. N4WBP5A localizes to the Golgi, vesicles associated with the Golgi complex and to multivesicular bodies. We show that the ectopic expression of N4WBP5A inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis of labelled epidermal growth factor. N4WBP5A overexpression inhibits accumulation of EGF in large endocytic/lysosomal vesicles suggestive of a role for N4WBP5A in protein trafficking. We propose that N4WBP5A acts as an adaptor to recruit Nedd4 family ubiquitin-protein ligases to the protein trafficking machinery.Linda M. Shearwin-Whyatt, Darren L. Brown, Fiona G. Wylie, Jennifer L. Stow and Sharad Kuma
Urban form strongly mediates the allometric scaling of airshed pollution concentrations
We present allometric-scaling relationships between non-point-source emissions of air pollutants and settlement population, using 3030 urban settlements in Great Britain (home to ca. 80% of the population of that region). Sub-linear scalings (slope  0.6) were found for the oxides of nitrogen (NO _x ) and microscopic airborne particles (PM _10  and PM _2.5 ). That is, emissions of these pollutants from larger cities are lower per capita than would be expected when compared to the same population dispersed in smaller settlements. The scalings of traffic-related emissions are disaggregated into a component due to under-use of roads in small settlements and a fraction due to congestion in large settlements. We use these scalings of emissions, along with a scaling related to urban form, to explain quantitatively how and why urban airshed-average air pollutant concentrations also scale with population. Our predicted concentration scaling with population is strongly sub-linear, with a slope about half that of the emissions scaling, consistent with satellite measurements of NO _2  columns over large cities across Europe. We demonstrate that the urban form of a particular settlement can result in the airshed-average air pollution of that settlement being much larger or smaller than expected. We extend our analysis to predict that the likelihood of occurrence of local air pollution hotspots will scale super-linearly with population, a testable hypothesis that awaits suitable data. Our analysis suggests that coordinated management of emissions and urban form would strongly reduce the likelihood of local pollutant hotspots occurring whilst also ameliorating the urban heat island effect under climate change
Chemistry of dense clumps near moving Herbig-Haro objects
Localised regions of enhanced emission from HCO+, NH3 and other species near
Herbig-Haro objects (HHOs) have been interpreted as arising in a photochemistry
stimulated by the HHO radiation on high density quiescent clumps in molecular
clouds. Static models of this process have been successful in accounting for
the variety of molecular species arising ahead of the jet; however recent
observations show that the enhanced molecular emission is widespread along the
jet as well as ahead. Hence, a realistic model must take into account the
movement of the radiation field past the clump. It was previously unclear as to
whether the short interaction time between the clump and the HHO in a moving
source model would allow molecules such as HCO+ to reach high enough levels,
and to survive for long enough to be observed. In this work we model a moving
radiation source that approaches and passes a clump. The chemical picture is
qualitatively unchanged by the addition of the moving source, strengthening the
idea that enhancements are due to evaporation of molecules from dust grains. In
addition, in the case of several molecules, the enhanced emission regions are
longer-lived. Some photochemically-induced species, including methanol, are
expected to maintain high abundances for ~10,000 years.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Exploring segregation and sharing in a divided city: A PGIS approach
This article presents a novel exploratory investigation into the location and characteristics of spaces that are segregated and shared between Protestant and Catholic communities in Belfast, Northern Ireland (UK). Focusing on a particularly segregated part of the city, this study uses state-of-the-art participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) and visualization techniques to create qualitative, bottom-up maps of segregation and sharing within the city, as experienced by the people who live there. In doing so, it identifies important and previously unreported patterns in segregation and sharing between sectarian communities, challenging normative approaches to PGIS, illustrating how alternative methods might provide deeper insights into complex social geographies such as those of segregation. Finally, the findings of this work are formulated into a set of hypotheses that can contribute to a future research agenda into segregation and sharing, both in Belfast and in other divided cities
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Onâsite floral resources and surrounding landscape characteristics impact pollinator biodiversity at solar parks
There is increasing land use change for solar parks and growing recognition that they could be used to support insect pollinators. However, understanding of pollinator response to solar park developments is limited and empirical data are lacking. We combine field observations with landcover data to quantify the impact of onâsite floral resources and surrounding landscape characteristics on solar park pollinator abundance and species richness. We surveyed pollinators and flowering plants at 15 solar parks across England in 2021, used a landcover map to assess the surrounding highâquality habitat and aerial imagery to measure woody linear features (hedgerows, woodland edges and lines of trees). In total, 1397 pollinators were recorded, including 899 butterflies (64%), 171 hoverflies (12%), 161 bumble bees (12%), 157 moths (11%), and nine honeybees (<1%). At least 30 pollinator species were observed, the majority of which were common, generalist species. Pollinator biodiversity varied between solar parks and was explained by a combination of onâsite floral resources and surrounding landscape characteristics. Floral species richness was the most influential onâsite characteristic and woody linear feature density generally had a greater impact than the cover of surrounding highâquality habitats, although drivers differed by pollinator group. Our findings suggest that a range of factors affect pollinator biodiversity at solar parks, but maximising floral resources within a park through appropriate management actions may be the most achievable way to support most pollinator groups, especially where solar parks are located in resourceâpoor, disconnected landscapes
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