Kajian Kecukupan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Publik untuk Menyerap CO2 Udara Ambien dari Transportasi Darat di Jalan Perak Barat dan Jalan Perak Timur, Surabaya

Jalan Perak Barat dan Jalan Perak Timur adalah akses utama menuju Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak yang merupakan pelabuhan tersibuk kedua di Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kota Surabaya mencatat bahwa pada tahun 2014 terdapat 32.155.740 kegiatan arus barang dan penumpang angkutan laut luar negeri serta dalam negeri di Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak. Angka tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa banyak kendaraan umum maupun kendaraan berat yang mengakses Jalan Perak Barat dan Jalan Perak Timur. Selain itu, Jalan Perak Barat dan Perak Timur juga merupakan jalan penting bagi pengendara transportasi darat yang berasal atau hendak menuju Jalan Tol Gempol – Surabaya. Banyaknya jumlah kendaraan di jalan ini mengakibatkan tingginya beban emisi CO2­­­ yang dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kajian Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Publik pada median jalan dan pinggir jalan untuk mengetahui kecukupan RTH Publik dalam menyerap CO2 pada udara ambien yang berasal dari transportasi darat. Kajian dilakukan dengan melakukan traffic counting pada saat jam puncak untuk mengetahui beban emisi CO2 maksimum yang dihasilkan selama enam hari, lima hari weekday dan satu hari weekend. Selanjutnya dengan Metode Model Box diketahui CO2 yang terdapat pada udara ambien. Untuk mengetahui daya serap RTH Publik eksisting maka perlu didata jenis pohon dan semak pada median dan pinggir jalan. Jumlah kendaraan yang sejenis di setiap titik traffic counting saat weekday pada jam puncak tidak menunjukkan jumlah yang berbeda. Namun saat weekend jumlah kendaraan yang sejenis lebih sedikit terutama kendaraan berat. Dari hasil analisis data didapatkan bahwa dengan kondisi eksisting, RTH Publik sudah menyerap CO2 pada udara ambien dari transportasi darat secara optimal. Sampai tahun 2021, apabila kondisi RTH Publik tetap sama maka CO2 masih dapat terserap optimal

Towards safer, better healthcare: harnessing the natural properties of complex sociotechnical systems

Objectives: To sustain an argument that harnessing the natural properties of sociotechnical systems is necessary to promote safer, better healthcare. Methods: Triangulated analyses of discrete literature sources, particularly drawing on those from mathematics, sociology, marketing science and psychology. Results: Progress involves the use of natural networks and exploiting features such as their scale-free and small world nature, as well as characteristics of group dynamics like natural appeal (stickiness) and propagation (tipping points). The agenda for change should be set by prioritising problems in natural categories, addressed by groups who self select on the basis of their natural interest in the areas in question, and who set clinical standards and develop tools, the use of which should be monitored by peers. This approach will facilitate the evidence-based practice that most agree is now overdue, but which has not yet been realised by the application of conventional methods. Conclusion: A key to health system transformation may lie under-recognised under our noses, and involves exploiting the naturally-occurring characteristics of complex systems. Current strategies to address healthcare problems are insufficient. Clinicians work best when their expertise is mobilised, and they flourish in groupings of their own interests and preference. Being invited, empowered and nurtured rather than directed, micromanaged and controlled through a hierarchy is preferable.5 page(s

Xyloglucan is released by plants and promotes soil particle aggregation.

Soil is a crucial component of the biosphere and is a major sink for organic carbon. Plant roots are known to release a wide range of carbon-based compounds into soils, including polysaccharides, but the functions of these are not known in detail. Using a monoclonal antibody to plant cell wall xyloglucan, we show that this polysaccharide is secreted by a wide range of angiosperm roots, and relatively abundantly by grasses. It is also released from the rhizoids of liverworts, the earliest diverging lineage of land plants. Using analysis of water-stable aggregate size, dry dispersion particle analysis and scanning electron microscopy, we show that xyloglucan is effective in increasing soil particle aggregation, a key factor in the formation and function of healthy soils. To study the possible roles of xyloglucan in the formation of soils, we analysed the xyloglucan contents of mineral soils of known age exposed upon the retreat of glaciers. These glacial forefield soils had significantly higher xyloglucan contents than detected in a UK grassland soil. We propose that xyloglucan released from plant rhizoids/roots is an effective soil particle aggregator and may, in this role, have been important in the initial colonization of land

Quantum picturalism for topological cluster-state computing

Topological quantum computing is a way of allowing precise quantum computations to run on noisy and imperfect hardware. One implementation uses surface codes created by forming defects in a highly-entangled cluster state. Such a method of computing is a leading candidate for large-scale quantum computing. However, there has been a lack of sufficiently powerful high-level languages to describe computing in this form without resorting to single-qubit operations, which quickly become prohibitively complex as the system size increases. In this paper we apply the category-theoretic work of Abramsky and Coecke to the topological cluster-state model of quantum computing to give a high-level graphical language that enables direct translation between quantum processes and physical patterns of measurement in a computer - a "compiler language". We give the equivalence between the graphical and topological information flows, and show the applicable rewrite algebra for this computing model. We show that this gives us a native graphical language for the design and analysis of topological quantum algorithms, and finish by discussing the possibilities for automating this process on a large scale.Comment: 18 pages, 21 figures. Published in New J. Phys. special issue on topological quantum computin

Analytic simplification of animated characters

Traditionally, levels of detail (LOD) for animated characters are computed from a single pose. Later techniques refined this approach by considering a set of sample poses and evaluating a more representative error metric. A recent approach to the character animation problem, animation space, provides a framework for measuring error analytically. The work presented here uses the animation-space framework to derive two new techniques to improve the quality of LOD approximations. Firstly, we use an animation-space distance metric within a progressive mesh-based LOD scheme, giving results that are reasonable across a range of poses, without requiring that the pose space be sampled. Secondly, we simplify individual vertices by reducing the number of bones that influence them, using a constrained least-squares optimisation. This influence simplification is combined with the progressive mesh to form a single stream of simplifications. Influence simplification reduces the geometric error by up to an order of magnitude, and allows models to be simplified further than is possible with only a progressive mesh. Quantitative (geometric error metrics) and qualititative (user perceptual) experiements confirm that these new extensions provide significant improvements in quality over traditional, naïve simplification; and while there is naturally some impact on the speed of the off-line simplification process, it is not prohibitive

Cultivar‐dependent increases in mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition by barley in response to elevated CO2

Societal Impact Statement Modern agriculture is under pressure to meet yield targets while reducing reliance on finite resources to improve sustainability. Climate change represents an additional challenge—elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations may increase plant growth and boost yield, but the nutritional value of crops grown at elevated CO2 is often reduced. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant nutrition, although how this symbiosis will be affected by climate change is unclear. Here, we demonstrate mycorrhizal contribution to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition in barley under current and future CO2 concentrations. In one cultivar, AMF substantially increased phosphorus uptake at elevated CO2 and prevented phosphorus dilution, suggesting the symbiosis may become more important for crop nutrient uptake in the future. Summary Globally important cereals such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) often engage in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nutrient exchange between these symbionts remains unknown. In controlled environment experiments, we used isotope tracers (15N, 33P, 14C) to quantify nutrient fluxes between two barley cultivars (Moonshine and Riviera) and their associated AMF at ambient (440 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2. Elevated CO2 reduced shoot N concentration in Moonshine, and shoot N and P concentration in Riviera. Elevated CO2 substantially increased mycorrhizal 33P acquisition in Moonshine. Mycorrhizal contribution to P uptake in Moonshine may have prevented dilution of tissue P concentration at elevated CO2. In Riviera, AMF did not improve 33P acquisition. Both cultivars received 15N from their AMF symbionts, and this acquisition was not influenced by CO2 concentration, although Moonshine received more 15N than Riviera. Our results suggest that AMF may provide substantial contributions to barley nutrition at current and projected future CO2 concentrations. This is especially noteworthy for barley, which is generally considered to have low mycorrhizal receptivity. AMF may help alleviate or avoid nutrient dilution normally observed at elevated CO2. Variation between cultivars indicates that mycorrhizal contribution to cereal nutrition could be improved through selective breeding practices

Brokering justice: global indigenous rights and struggles over hydropower in Nepal

This article explores the dynamics of brokerage at the intersection between the justice conceptions enshrined in global norms and the notions of justice asserted in specific socio-environmental struggles. Using the case of a small hydropower project in Nepal, we trace the attempts of an indigenous activist to enrol villagers in his campaign against the background of villagers’ everyday negotiations with the hydropower company. The study shows how global norms, such as indigenous peoples’ rights, may fail to gain traction on the ground or even become sources of injustice in particular contexts