Faint star counts in the near-infrared

We discuss near-infrared star counts at the Galactic pole with a view to guiding the NGST and ground-based NIR cameras. Star counts from deep K-band images from the CFHT are presented, and compared with results from the 2MASS survey and some Galaxy models. With appropriate corrections for detector artifacts and galaxies, the data agree with the models down to K~18, but indicate a larger population of fainter red stars. There is also a significant population of compact galaxies that extend to the observational faint limit of K=20.5. Recent Galaxy models agree well down to K$\sim$19, but diverge at fainter magnitudes.Comment: 14 pages and 4 diagrams; to appear in PAS

Biases in Expansion Distances of Novae Arising from the Prolate Geometry of Nova Shells

(abridged) Expansion distances (or expansion parallaxes) for classical novae are based on comparing a measurement of the shell expansion velocity, multiplied by the time since outburst, with some measure of the angular size of the shell. We review and formalize this method in the case of prolate spheroidal shells. We present expressions for the maximum line-of-sight velocity from a complete, expanding shell and for its projected major and minor axes, in terms of the intrinsic axis ratio and the inclination of the polar axis to the line of sight. For six distinct definitions of ``angular size'', we tabulate the error in distance that is introduced under the assumption of spherical symmetry (i.e., without correcting for inclination and axis ratio). The errors can be significant and systematic, affecting studies of novae whether considered individually or statistically. Each of the six estimators overpredicts the distance when the polar axis is close to the line of sight, and most underpredict the distance when the polar axis is close to the plane of the sky. The straight mean of the projected semimajor and semiminor axes gives the least distance bias for an ensemble of randomly oriented prolate shells. The best individual expansion distances, however, result from a full spatio-kinematic modeling of the nova shell. We discuss several practical complications that affect expansion distance measurements of real nova shells. Nova shell expansion distances be based on velocity and angular size measurements made contemporaneously if possible, and the same ions and transitions should be used for the imaging and velocity measurements. We emphasize the need for complete and explicit reporting of measurement procedures and results, regardless of the specific method used.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX, uses aasms4.sty, to be published in Publ. Astron. Soc. of the Pacific, May 200

From playing games to committing crimes: A multi-technique approach to predicting key actors on an online gaming forum

We propose a systematic framework for analysing forum datasets, which contain minimal structure, and are non-trivial to analyse at scale, aiming to support future analysis of underground forum communities. We use a multi-technique approach which draws on a combination of features, including post classifications extracted using natural language processing tools, and apply clustering and predictive techniques to this dataset, to predict potential key actors---individuals who have a central role in overtly criminal activities, or activities which could lead to later offending, and hence might benefit most from interventions. We predict 49 key actors on an underground gaming-specific cheating and hacking forum, validated by observing only overlaps of techniques, combined with topic analysis, to build a classifier for key actor status. In addition, we also use these techniques to provide further insight of key actor activity. We found one cluster and two posting trajectories to contain a high proportion of key actors, logistic regression found an actor's h-index to have higher odds for prediction than other features, and partial dependence plots found reputation to have a significant change in prediction between values of 100 to 1000

Stimulation of Root Growth on Cuttings from Hardwood Forest Trees

Certain trees and shrubs may more easily be propagated from cuttings than from seed. Others may be regenerated by root or stem layering. It is well known that new trees of willow, poplar or sycamore may readily be produced by cuttings separated from the parent tree and planted in soil or sand under favorable conditions of temperature and moisture

The host galaxies of luminous quasars

We present results of a deep HST/WFPC2 imaging study of 17 quasars at z~0.4, designed to determine the properties of their host galaxies. The sample consists of quasars with absolute magnitudes in the range -24>M_V>-28, allowing us to investigate host galaxy properties across a decade in quasar luminosity, but at a single redshift. We find that the hosts of all the RLQs, and all the RQQs with nuclear luminosities M_V<-24, are massive bulge-dominated galaxies, confirming and extending the trends deduced from our previous studies. From the best-fitting model host galaxies we have estimated spheroid and black-hole masses, and the efficiency (with respect to Eddington luminosity) with which each quasar is radiating. The largest inferred black-hole mass in our sample is \~3.10^9 M_sun, comparable to those at the centres of M87 and Cygnus A. We find no evidence for super-Eddington accretion in even the most luminous objects. We investigate the role of scatter in the black-hole:spheroid mass relation in determining the ratio of quasar to host-galaxy luminosity, by generating simulated populations of quasars lying in hosts with a Schechter mass function. Within the subsample of the highest luminosity quasars, the observed variation in nuclear-host luminosity ratio is consistent with being the result of the scatter in the black-hole:spheroid relation. Quasars with high nuclear-host ratios can be explained by sub-Eddington accretion onto black holes in the high-mass tail of the black-hole:spheroid relation. Our results imply that, owing to the Schechter cutoff, host mass should not continue to increase linearly with quasar luminosity, at the very highest luminosities. Any quasars more luminous than M_V=-27 should be found in massive elliptical hosts which at the present day would have M_V ~ -24.5.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 18 pages; 7 figures and 17 greyscale images are reproduced here at low quality due to space limitations. High-resolution figures are available from ftp://ftp.roe.ac.uk/pub/djef/preprints/floyd2004

A comparative HST imaging study of the host galaxies of radio-quiet quasars, radio-loud quasars and radio galaxies: Paper I

We present the first results from a major HST WFPC2 imaging study aimed at providing the first statistically meaningful comparison of the morphologies, luminosities, scalelengths and colours of the host galaxies of radio-quiet quasars, radio-loud quasars, and radio galaxies. We describe the design of this study and present the images which have been obtained for the first half of our 33-source sample. We find that the hosts of all three classes of luminous AGN are massive elliptical galaxies, with scalelengths ~=10 kpc, and R-K colours consistent with mature stellar populations. Most importantly this is the the first unambiguous evidence that, just like radio-loud quasars, essentially all radio-quiet quasars brighter than M_R = -24 reside in massive ellipticals. This result removes the possibility that radio `loudness' is directly linked to host galaxy morphology, but is however in excellent accord with the black-hole/spheroid mass correlation recently highlighted by Magorrian et al. (1998). We apply the relations given by Magorrian et al. to infer the expected Eddington luminosity of the putative black hole at the centre of each of the spheroidal host galaxies we have uncovered. Comparison with the actual nuclear R-band luminosities suggests that the black holes in most of these galaxies are radiating at a few percent of the Eddington luminosity; the brightest host galaxies in our low-z sample are capable of hosting quasars with M_R = -28, comparable to the most luminous quasars at z = 3. Finally we discuss our host-derived black-hole masses in the context of the radio-luminosity:black-hole mass correlation recently uncovered for nearby galaxies by Franceschini et al. (1998), and the resulting implications for the physical origin of radio loudness.Comment: Submitted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 55 pages of latex, plus 12 postscript figures (Figures 1a-1s (greyscales of images and model fits, and Figures 2a-2g (luminosity profiles and model fits) can be downloaded from http://www.roe.ac.uk/astronomy/html/rjm1.shtml

Calibration and performance of the photon-counting detectors for the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescopes (UVIT) of the Astrosat observatory

We describe calibration data, and discuss performance of the photon-counting flight detectors for the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescopes on the Astrosat observatory. The paper describes dark current, flat field and light-spot images for FUV, NUV, and Visible band detectors at more than one wavelength setting for each. We also report on nominal gain and low-gain operations, full- and sub-window read rates, and non-photon-counting modes of operation, all expected to be used in flight. We derive corrections to the event centroids from the CMOS readout arrays, for different centroid algorithms. We derive spatial resolution values for each detector and plots of point-source signal saturation for different flux levels. We also discuss ways to correct for saturation in extended object images.Comment: 27 pages, including 4 tables. 14 Figures. To be published in PAS

Economics knowledge, attitudes and experience of student teachers in Scotland

There is a move away from teaching economics as a separate subject in Scotland. It is now mainly taught within Business Management courses in upper secondary school and is embedded within several subject areas in both primary and early secondary curricula, a move that is in step with broader curricular aims to break down barriers among subjects. This writing discusses the need for clearly situated teaching and learning of economics, provided by teachers provided by teachers who have sufficient background knowledge to devise effective contexts for learning, whether or not it is taught as a discrete subject. The results of a survey of student teachers' levels of economic literacy are analysed and recommendations made for the preparation of teachers to deal effectively with embedded approaches to teaching about economics

Near-infrared adaptive optics imaging of high redshift quasars

The properties of high redshift quasar host galaxies are studied, in order to investigate the connection between galaxy evolution, nuclear activity, and the formation of supermassive black holes. We combine new near-infrared observations of three high redshift quasars (2 < z < 3), obtained at the ESO Very Large Telescope equipped with adaptive optics, with selected data from the literature. For the three new objects we were able to detect and characterize the properties of the host galaxy, found to be consistent with those of massive elliptical galaxies of M(R) ~ -24.7 for the one radio loud quasar, and M(R) ~ -23.8 for the two radio quiet quasars. When combined with existing data at lower redshift, these new observations depict a scenario where the host galaxies of radio loud quasars are seen to follow the expected trend of luminous (~5L*) elliptical galaxies undergoing passive evolution. This trend is remarkably similar to that followed by radio galaxies at z > 1.5. Radio quiet quasars hosts also follow a similar trend but at a lower average luminosity (~0.5 mag dimmer). The data indicate that quasar host galaxies are already fully formed at epochs as early as ~2 Gyr after the Big Bang and then passively fade in luminosity to the present epoch.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 24 pages, 10 figure