51 research outputs found
Que valent les engagements des régimes de retraite envers les retraités en France ?
Using the "Echantillon Inter régimes des Retraités" (EIR) 2008 and 2012 panel data, we calculate retirees\u27 pension wealth (consumed and residual) at an aggregated level, and provide in-depth results by type of pension scheme and by managing organism. We put an emphasis on direct pensions already perceived by retirees and to be paid in the future, without taking into account current contributors\u27 future retirement. We find that the overall pension wealth is not very sensitive to the discount rate, but this result does not hold if we concentrate on the future pension wealth. From this point of view, it must be noted that some of the organisms have a high proportion of pension still to be paid. Moreover, whatever the type of pension wealth calculated, the results show a rapid increase from 2008 to 2012 (except for the basic scheme of farmers). Finally, spread indicators and Gini index of pension wealth are relatively higher than those found in the distribution of labor income by other studies. We find that there are more inequalities in the private sector than in the public, particularly in the private sector for complementary pension schemes
La réforme des retraites de 1993 : quel impact sur l'équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite ?
Depuis 1993, la France a enregistrĂ© plusieurs rĂ©formes de son système de retraites, visant avant tout Ă en assurer la soutenabilitĂ©. Cette contribution a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’équivalent patrimonial des droits individuels Ă la retraite (EPDR), c\u27est-Ă -dire la somme actuarielle probable des pensions Ă recevoir, de la date de liquidation des droits jusqu’au dĂ©cès. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous mesurons l’impact de cette rĂ©forme sur l’EPDR des mono-pensionnĂ©s du rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral, Ă l’aide des donnĂ©es de l’Echantillon InterrĂ©gimes de RetraitĂ©s 2008. Parmi les mesures phares de la rĂ©forme de 1993 figure l’augmentation progressive de la durĂ©e de cotisation nĂ©cessaire pour obtenir une retraite Ă taux plein au rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral. Cette augmentation est susceptible d’engendrer deux effets opposĂ©s : un effet de report de l’âge de liquidation pour conserver un EPDR adĂ©quat pour ses vieux jours (voire l’augmenter) ou un effet de dĂ©cote, si l’assurĂ©-e ne souhaite, ou ne peut, pas prolonger son activitĂ© et subit donc une dĂ©cote sur sa pension, et partant sur son EPDR. Pour tester les effets nets de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’EPDR, nous procĂ©dons Ă des estimations Ă©conomĂ©triques en diffĂ©rences premières et en doubles diffĂ©rences, ainsi qu’à des estimations par quantiles pour mesurer les impacts le long de la distribution de l’EPDR. Nos estimations montrent des rĂ©sultats diffĂ©rents selon que les individus partent avant ou après 2004, date d’entrĂ©e en vigueur de la rĂ©forme. Ainsi, toutes choses Ă©gales par ailleurs, un dĂ©part en retraite avant 2004 plutĂ´t que postĂ©rieurement, augmente l’EPDR des retraitĂ©s concernĂ©s. Toutefois, l’interaction avec les autres variables nuance cette conclusion. D’une part, reporter son dĂ©part en retraite rĂ©duit l’EPDR moyen d’environ 20% : le report permet d’accumuler des droits supplĂ©mentaires, mais sur une pĂ©riode rĂ©duite. D’autre part, l’effet de la dĂ©cote est nĂ©gatif, mais son intensitĂ© est rĂ©duite quand les retraitĂ©s reportent leur dĂ©part. En outre, comme les gĂ©nĂ©rations 1934-1943 ont subi conjointement les rĂ©formes de 1993 et 2003, nos estimations en double diffĂ©rence permettent d’isoler l’effet « pur » de la rĂ©forme de 1993 : lorsque les affiliĂ©s ont subi une dĂ©cote, sans avoir reportĂ© leur dĂ©part en retraite pour l’attĂ©nuer, la liquidation des droits aux conditions de 2003 par rapport aux conditions de 1993 est la plus dĂ©favorable. Enfin, les estimations par quantiles montrent que ces effets s’intensifient dans la première moitiĂ© de la distribution, et s’attĂ©nuent au-delĂ
Pension Wealth in France: An Assessment on Panel Data
This contribution proposes a measure of pension wealth in the French public PAYG schemes (first and second pillar schemes) and of its distribution among the population of retirees in 2008 using the Echantillon Inter régimes de Retraités (EIR) panel data. We show that aggregate pension wealth amounts to around 4765 billion Euros assuming a 2 percent discount rate. There are significant differences in the amount of individual’s pension wealth between the pension schemes of the private and public sector. Moreover, there is more inequality in the distribution of pension wealth among private sector retirees than public sectorones
Equivalent Patrimonial des Droits Ă Retraite en France : MĂ©thodologie et Mesure dans l'EIR
L’équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite (directs ou dérivés) permet d’évaluer la soutenabilité et la générosité des régimes de retraite. A l’aide des données de l’Echantillon Inter-régimes des Retraités de 2008, nous proposons une mesure de cet indicateur pour les assurés à la retraite du système de retraite français. L’objectif de cet article est de discuter des choix méthodologiques retenus à chaque étape de calcul de l’équivalent patrimonial et de souligner les contraintes et les limites spécifiques à un tel exercice. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que les différences entre les régimes de retraite peuvent générer des engagements d’une ampleur variable envers les assurés à la retraite. L’analyse de la concentration montre que la distribution de l’équivalent patrimonial des droits directs est plus inégale entre les assurés aux régimes complémentaires qu’entre les assurés des régimes de base ou intégrés
(régime général, SRE-civile par exemple). Les inégalités au sein des régimes et entre les générations dans la distribution de l’équivalent patrimonial tendent globalement à diminuer au fil des générations étudiées
Multi-omics analysis identifies a CYP9K1 haplotype conferring pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in East Africa.
Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids is a menace to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector controls. Its molecular basis is complex and varies geographically across Africa. Here, we used a multi-omics approach, followed-up with functional validation to show that a directionally selected haplotype of a cytochrome P450, CYP9K1 is a major driver of resistance in Anopheles funestus. A PoolSeq GWAS using mosquitoes alive and dead after permethrin exposure, from Malawi and Cameroon, detected candidate genomic regions, but lacked consistency across replicates. Targeted sequencing of candidate resistance genes detected several SNPs associated with known pyrethroid resistance QTLs. The most significant SNPs were in the cytochrome P450 CYP304B1 (Cameroon), CYP315A1 (Uganda) and the ABC transporter gene ABCG4 (Malawi). However, when comparing field resistant mosquitoes to laboratory susceptible, the pyrethroid resistance locus rp1 and SNPs around the ABC transporter ABCG4 were consistently significant, except for Uganda where SNPs in the P450 CYP9K1 was markedly significant. In vitro heterologous metabolism assays with recombinant CYP9K1 revealed that it metabolises type II pyrethroid (deltamethrin; 64% depletion) but not type I (permethrin; 0%), while moderately metabolising DDT (17%). CYP9K1 exhibited reduced genetic diversity in Uganda underlying an extensive selective sweep. Furthermore, a glycine to alanine (G454A) amino acid change in CYP9K1 was fixed in Ugandan mosquitoes but not in other An. funestus populations. This study sheds further light on the evolution of metabolic resistance in a major malaria vector by implicating more genes and variants that can be used to design field-applicable markers to better track resistance Africa-wide
Genome-Wide Analyses of Nkx2-1 Binding to Transcriptional Target Genes Uncover Novel Regulatory Patterns Conserved in Lung Development and Tumors
The homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2-1 is essential for normal lung development and homeostasis. In lung tumors, it is considered a lineage survival oncogene and prognostic factor depending on its expression levels. The target genes directly bound by Nkx2-1, that could be the primary effectors of its functions in the different cellular contexts where it is expressed, are mostly unknown. In embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) mouse lung, epithelial cells expressing Nkx2-1 are predominantly expanding, and in E19.5 prenatal lungs, Nkx2-1-expressing cells are predominantly differentiating in preparation for birth. To evaluate Nkx2-1 regulated networks in these two cell contexts, we analyzed genome-wide binding of Nkx2-1 to DNA regulatory regions by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by tiling array analysis, and intersected these data to expression data sets. We further determined expression patterns of Nkx2-1 developmental target genes in human lung tumors and correlated their expression levels to that of endogenous NKX2-1. In these studies we uncovered differential Nkx2-1 regulated networks in early and late lung development, and a direct function of Nkx2-1 in regulation of the cell cycle by controlling the expression of proliferation-related genes. New targets, validated in Nkx2-1 shRNA transduced cell lines, include E2f3, Cyclin B1, Cyclin B2, and c-Met. Expression levels of Nkx2-1 direct target genes identified in mouse development significantly correlate or anti-correlate to the levels of endogenous NKX2-1 in a dosage-dependent manner in multiple human lung tumor expression data sets, supporting alternative roles for Nkx2-1 as a transcriptional activator or repressor, and direct regulator of cell cycle progression in development and tumors
Transcription factor and microRNA interactions in lung cells: an inhibitory link between NK2 homeobox 1, miR-200c and the developmental and oncogenic factors Nfib and Myb
Durée d'assurance et équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite : l'impact de la réforme de 1993
Contribution Length and Social Security Wealth: The Impact of the French Pension Reform Act of 1993
Using the wave 2008 of an administrative panel database (the Échantillon Interrégimes des Retraités), we quantify the effects of the French pension reform act of 1993 on Social Security Wealth (SSW) for pensioners affiliated to the main base pension scheme which covers private sector workers, namely the Caisse nationale d’assurance vieillesse des travailleurs salariés. This indicator enables us to estimate the effects on lifetime wealth derived from pension rights of delayed retirement and pension penalty on incomplete career resulting from the increase in the required contribution length to obtain a full pension with the reform. We show that pension penalty has a negative effect on SSW for all pensioners, including both men and women of the first cohorts of retirees exposed to this reform i.e. those born between 1934 and 1943. The reduction in SSW due to this penalty is higher for men than for women. However, delayed retirement has a positive effect for men and a negative one for women. For men, the increase in SSW due to delayed retirement is cancelled out on average by pension penalty. For women, the decrease in SSW due to pension penalty is mitigated by raising the retirement age. In addition, the consequences of this reform are not uniform along the sample distribution of SSW, with the pension penalty having a high and negative impact on the lowest levels of SSW and a delayed retirement which does not fully offset this adverse effect in this part of the population of retirees
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