Становлення концепту живого

У статті розглядається становлення концепту живого, зокрема у філософії східної патристики, яке пов’язане зі специфічною свідомістю та світосприйняттям у той час. Різницю у світосприйнятті різних періодів забезпечує вплив різних способів пізнання, а також попередні досягнення в цій галузі. Це призводить до різниці поглядів представників східної патристики і сучасного уявлення про живе.В статье рассматривается становление концепта живого, а именно в философии восточной патристики, что связано со специфическим сознанием и мировосприятием в то время. Разницу в мировосприятии разных периодов обеспечивает влияние разных способов познания, а также предыдущие достижения в этой области. Это приводит к разнице взглядов представителей восточной патристики и современного представления о живом.In the article, becoming of concept living, especially is examined in earsten philosophy of patristics, that unite with specific consciousness and perception of the world at that time. A difference in perception of the world of different periods is provided by influence of different methods of cognition, and also previous achievements in this industry. That results in a difference in the looks of representatives of east patristic from the modern picture of living

Modeling of RTS noise in MOSFETs under steady-state and large-signal excitation

The behavior of RTS noise in MOSFETs under large-signal excitation is experimentally studied. Our measurements show a significant transient effect, in line with earlier reports. We present a new physical model to describe this transient behavior and to predict RTS noise in MOSFETs under large-signal excitation. With only three model parameters the behavior is well described, contrary to existing models

A self-aligned gate definition process with submicron gaps

A self-aligned gate definition process is proposed. Spacings between adjacent gates of 0.5 µm and smaller are fabricated. The spacing is realized by an edge-etch technique, combined with anisotropic plasma etching of the single poly-silicon layer. Straight gaps with minor width variation are fabricated. Minority carrier life-time and breakdown voltage are not affected

Vaccine Allocation in a Declining Epidemic

Sizeable quantities of 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm) vaccine in the USA became available at the end of 2009 when the autumn wave of the epidemic was declining. At that point, risk factors for H1N1-related mortality for some of the high-risk groups, particularly adults with underlying health conditions, could be estimated. Although those high-risk groups are natural candidates for being in the top priority tier for vaccine allocation, another candidate group is school-aged children through their role as vectors for transmission affecting the whole community. In this paper, we investigate the question of prioritization for vaccine allocation in a declining epidemic between two groups—a group with a high risk of mortality versus a ‘core’ group with a relatively low risk of mortality but fuelling transmission in the community. We show that epidemic data can be used, under certain assumptions on future decline, seasonality and vaccine efficacy in different population groups, to give a criterion when initial prioritization of a population group with a sufficiently high risk of epidemic-associated mortality is advisable over the policy of prioritizing the core group

Коментарі Валерія Шевчука в літописі Самійла Величка як позатекстова інтерпретація давньоукраїнської пам'ятки

У статті розглядаються різновиди коментарів як позатекстової інтерпретації Валерієм Шевчуком барокової пам’ятки – Літопису Самійла Величка.The article deals with Valery Shevchuk’s way of varieties of the commentaries as out-of-text interpretation of Baroque remembrance of Chronicle of Samiylo Velitchko

Use of cumulative incidence of novel influenza A/H1N1 in foreign travelers to estimate lower bounds on cumulative incidence in Mexico

Background: An accurate estimate of the total number of cases and severity of illness of an emerging infectious disease is required both to define the burden of the epidemic and to determine the severity of disease. When a novel pathogen first appears, affected individuals with severe symptoms are more likely to be diagnosed. Accordingly, the total number of cases will be underestimated and disease severity overestimated. This problem is manifest in the current epidemic of novel influenza A/H1N1. Methods and Results: We used a simple approach to leverage measures of incident influenza A/H1N1 among a relatively small and well observed group of US, UK, Spanish and Canadian travelers who had visited Mexico to estimate the incidence among a much larger and less well surveyed population of Mexican residents. We estimate that a minimum of 113,000 to 375,000 cases of novel influenza A/H1N1 have occurred in Mexicans during the month of April, 2009. Such an estimate serves as a lower bound because it does not account for underreporting of cases in travelers or for nonrandom mixing between Mexican residents and visitors, which together could increase the estimates by more than an order of magnitude. Conclusions: We find that the number of cases in Mexican residents may exceed the number of confirmed cases by two to three orders of magnitude. While the extent of disease spread is greater than previously appreciated, our estimate suggests that severe disease is uncommon since the total number of cases is likely to be much larger than those of confirmed cases

Violet stimulated luminescence dating of quartz from Luochuan (Chinese loess plateau): Agreement with independent chronology up to ∼600 ka

Luminescence dating at the Luochuan loess type (China) section is at present limited to ∼0.1 Ma using quartz blue light stimulated luminescence (BLSL), but can be extended back in time to ∼0.5 Ma by resorting to the more developmental post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) and thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL) signals. Since both the latter are associated with systematic uncertainties due to the potential (a)-thermal instability of these signals, a search continues for alternative, and demonstrably stable luminescence signals that can cover the entire Quaternary timescale. Here we explore the violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) signal at the Luochuan section, which provides a continuous archive of homogenous sediment with favourable luminescence characteristics and a solid independent age framework. By testing several VSL protocols and their associated performance, we demonstrate that the Multi-Aliquot Additive-Dose (MAAD) protocol produces a VSL chronology at Luochuan which is in agreement with independent ages up to ∼0.6 Ma. For a more representative environmental dose rate of ∼2 Gy/ka (∼35% lower than at Luochuan), the documented range of MAAD-VSL sensitivity (200-1800 Gy) would correspond to the ability to date sediment up to ∼1 Ma back in time, offering a remarkable advance over existing methods.</p

Visible light emission from reverse-biased silicon nanometer-scale diode-antifuses

Silicon nanometer-scale diodes have been fabricated to emit light in the visible range at low power consumption. Such structures are candidates for emitter elements in Si-based optical interconnect schemes. Spectral measurements of Electroluminescence (EL) on the reverse-biased nanometer-scale diodes brought into breakdown have been carried out over the photon energy range of 1.4-2.8 eV. Previously proposed mechanisms for avalanche emission from conventional silicon p-n junctions are discussed in order to understand the origin of the emission. Also the stability of the diodes has been tested. Results indicate that our nanometer-scale diodes are basically high quality devices. Furthermore due to the nanometer-scale dimensions, very high electrical fields and current densities are possible at low power consumption. This makes these diodes an excellent candidate to be utilized as a light source in Si-based sensors and actuator application

The most efficient critical vaccination coverage and its equivalence with maximizing the herd effect

‘Critical vaccination coverages’ are vaccination allocations that result in an effective reproduction ratio of one. In a population with interacting subpopulations there are many different critical vaccination coverages. To find the most efficient critical vaccination coverage, we define the following optimization problem: minimize the required amount of vaccines to obtain an effective reproduction ratio of exactly one. We prove that this optimization problem is equivalent to the problem of maximizing the proportion of susceptibles that escape infection during an epidemic (i.e., maximizing the herd effect). We propose an efficient general algorithm to solve these optimization problems based on Perron- Frobenius theory. We study two special cases that provide further insight into these optimization problems. First, we derive an explicit analytic solution for the case of two interacting populations. Second, we derive an efficient algorithm for the case of multiple populations that interact according to separable mixing. In this algorithm the subpopulations are ordered by their ratio of population size to reproduction ratio. Allocating vaccines based on this priority order results in an optimal allocation. We apply our solutions in a case study for pre-pandemic vaccination in the initial phase of an influenza pandemic where the entire population is susceptible to the new influenza virus. The results show that for the optimal allocation the critical vaccination coverage is achieved for a much smaller amount of vaccines as compared to allocations proposed previously

Dose-optimal vaccine allocation over multiple populations

For a large number of infectious diseases, vaccination is the most effective way to prevent an epidemic. However, the vaccine stockpile is hardly ever sufficient to treat the entire population, which brings about the challenge of vaccine allocation. To aid decision makers facing this challenge, we provide insights into the structure of this problem. We first investigate the dependence of health benefit on the fraction of people that receive vaccination, where we define health benefit as the total number of people that escape infection. We start with the seminal SIR compartmental model. Using implicit function analysis, we prove the existence of a unique vaccination fraction that maxi- mizes the health benefit per dose of vaccine, and that the health benefit per dose of vaccine decreases monotonically when moving away from this fraction in either direc- tion. Surprisingly, this fraction does not coincide with the so-called critical vaccination coverage that has been advocated in literature. We extend these insights to other compartmental models such as the SEIR model. These results allow us to provide new insights into vaccine allocation to multiple non-interacting or weakly interacting populations. We explain the counter-intuitive switching behavior of optimal allocation. We show that allocations that maximize health benefits are rarely equitable, while equitable allocations may be significantly non-optimal