Influence of magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal processes on the lithium endowment of micas in the Cornubian Batholith (SW England)

This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer via the DOI in this recordThe Cornubian Batholith (SW England) is an archetypal Variscan rare metal granite with potential for Li-mica mineralization. We present a petrographic, trace element and multivariate statistical study of micas from the Cornubian Batholith granite series and related hydrothermally altered units to assess the role of magmatic vs subsolidus processes and of fluxing elements (F and B) on the Li cycle during the evolution of the system. The mica types are as follows: (1) magmatic, which include Fe-biotite, protolithionite I and phengite-muscovite from the most primitive granites, and zinnwaldite I from more fractionated lithologies; (2) subsolidus, which encompass high-temperature autometasomatic Li-micas and low-temperature hydrothermal muscovite-phengite. Autometasomatic species include protolithionite II, zinnwaldite II and lepidolite, which were observed in the most fractionated and hydrothermally altered units, and occur as replacements of magmatic micas. Low-temperature hydrothermal Li-poor micas formed via alteration of magmatic and autometasomatic micas or as replacement of feldspars, and albeit occur in all studied lithologies they are best represented by the granite facies enriched in metasomatic tourmaline. The evolution of micas follows two major trends underlining a coupling and decoupling between the Li(F) and B fluxes. These include as follows: (1) a Li(F)-progressive trend explaining the formation of protolithionite I and zinnwaldite I, which fractionate Li along with Cs, Nb and Sn during the late-magmatic stages of crystallization, and of zinnwaldite II and lepidolite forming from the re-equilibration of primary micas with high-temperature Li-B-W-Tl-Cs-Mn-W-rich autometasomatic fluids; (2) a Li(F)-retrogressive trend explaining the low-temperature hydrothermal muscovitization, which represents the main Li depletion process. Trace element geochemistry and paragenesis of late muscovite-phengite support that muscovitization is a district-scale process that affected the upper parts of the granite cupolas through acidic and B(Fe-Sn)-saturated hydrothermal fluids associated with metasomatic tourmalinization, which were mixed with a low Eh meteoric component.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhsta

Identity enactment as collective accomplishment:Religious identity enactment at home and at a festival

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the ESRC (Grant # RES-062-23-1449).Much research addresses the proposition that identifying with a group shapes individuals’ behaviour. Typically, such research employs experimental or survey methods, measuring or manipulating social identification and relating this to various outcome variables. Although shedding much light on the processes involved in the identity–behaviour relationship, such research tends to overlook the various constraints that limit individuals’ abilities to act in accordance with their identities. Using interview data gathered in north India, we explore the factors affecting the enactment of a religious identity. More specifically, using data gathered at a religious mass gathering, we compare and contrast participants’ reports of identity enactment when they are at the event and when they are in their home villages. These two contexts differ in terms of their social organization, especially the degree to which they are marked by the presence of a shared identity. Exploring participants’ accounts of such differences in social organization, we consider the social processes that constrain or facilitate identity enactment. In so doing, our analysis contributes to a richer analysis of the identity–behaviour relationship.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing

Background Lateral flow device (LFD) viral antigen immunoassays have been developed around the world as diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection. They have been proposed to deliver an infrastructure-light, cost-economical solution giving results within half an hour. Methods LFDs were initially reviewed by a Department of Health and Social Care team, part of the UK government, from which 64 were selected for further evaluation from 1st August to 15th December 2020. Standardised laboratory evaluations, and for those that met the published criteria, field testing in the Falcon-C19 research study and UK pilots were performed (UK COVID-19 testing centres, hospital, schools, armed forces). Findings 4/64 LFDs so far have desirable performance characteristics (orient Gene, Deepblue, Abbott and Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test). All these LFDs have a viral antigen detection of >90% at 100,000 RNA copies/ml. 8951 Innova LFD tests were performed with a kit failure rate of 5.6% (502/8951, 95% CI: 5.1–6.1), false positive rate of 0.32% (22/6954, 95% CI: 0.20–0.48). Viral antigen detection/sensitivity across the sampling cohort when performed by laboratory scientists was 78.8% (156/198, 95% CI 72.4–84.3). Interpretation Our results suggest LFDs have promising performance characteristics for mass population testing and can be used to identify infectious positive individuals. The Innova LFD shows good viral antigen detection/sensitivity with excellent specificity, although kit failure rates and the impact of training are potential issues. These results support the expanded evaluation of LFDs, and assessment of greater access to testing on COVID-19 transmission. Funding Department of Health and Social Care. University of Oxford. Public Health England Porton Down, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute of Health Research

Pest Interactions in Agronomic Systems Published in

ABSTRACT Short-season cover cropping can be an important weed management tool. To optimize the use of mustard [Sinapis alba L. and Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] in the Great Lakes region, we assessed planting time effects, mustard biomass production, and weed suppression during mustard growth and after incorporation. The study was conducted in Illinois, Michigan, and New York for spring and fall from 2010 to 2012. Mustard was sown every ~10 d from mid-March to early June for spring plantings and from early August to mid-September for fall plantings. Spring mustard biomass, weed density, community composition, and dry biomass were collected at mustard flowering. Fall mustard biomass, weed density, and dry biomass were collected at season end. Spring mustard biomass ranged from <0.5 to 4 t ha -1 . Early fall biomass ranged from 3 to 5.5 t ha -1 , and was related to growing degree days (GDD) according to a logistic function. Weed biomass during mustard growth was reduced by at least 50% in 9 of 10 site-years (90%) for fall-planted mustard but only 15 of 31 site-years (48%) in spring plantings. Weed suppression was independent of mustard biomass. The total number of weed seedlings emerging after mustard incorporation was not significantly reduced, but there was a species-specific response, with a decrease in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and grass emergence. The results permit a location-specific recommendation to plant mustard cover crops 13 to 23 August in the southern Great Lakes Region, and no later than 1 to 10 September for adequate biomass production