The valley-fill deposits of the Kłodnica River (southern Poland) : Environmental drivers of facies changes from the Late Vistulian through the holocene

Lithological analyses and radiocarbon dating were used to elucidate the patterns and controls of Late Quaternary valley floor development of the Kłodnica River, the Upper Odra Basin. The research results were discussed with data obtained from valleys of rivers draining piedmont basins and highlands of southern Poland. In consequence, five stages of morpho-sedimentary evolution of the Kłodnica valley were distinguished. In the Late Vistulian a large-scale deposition of channel alluvium took place in the conditions of high river discharges. This sedimentary style probably still existed in the Early Pre-Boreal as long as open grass communities survived in the Kłodnica catchment. The next phase, in the Late Pre-Boreal and Boreal, is characterized by a significant increase in accumulation rate of biochemical facies.. The considerable restriction of minerogenic deposition was connected with widespread of forest and gradual limitation of the river discharges. The third stage began at the decline of the Boreal and was defined by decrease of accumulation rate or even biogenic accumulation break. Synchronously, periodic increases of fluvial activity were noticed in the form of cutoffs of meander loops and overbank deposition in oxbows. The beginning of the fourth period took place not earlier than in the Early Sub-Boreal. This stage was distinguished by renewed peat growth/increase in biochemical accumulation rate and periodic increase in alluviation, generally taking place in the conditions of low channel-forming flows. The latest phase (from the Middle Sub- Atlantic till now) is characterized by common initiation of slope deposition and a rapid increase in fluvial sedimentation, especially overbank and tributary fan facies. An increase in minerogenic deposition occurred in response to human impact, which became more significant from the Roman Period and occurred on a large scale from the early Middle Ages. Older settlement phases, including intense settlement from the Hallstatt Period, were not clearly recorded in the Kłodnica valley fill

Authigenic and allogenic organic remains as an indicator of geomorphological process activity within the floodplain environment: two case studies from Racibórz Basin, southern Poland

Distinction between organic components accumulated in situ and those deposited by sedimentation is essential for the assessment of the intensity and extent of impact of geomorphological processes. Authigenic components include moss remains, fragments of the root systems of herbaceous plants and trees, the epidermis of rhizomes, and leaf sheaths, as well as a fungal mycelium. Among the allogenic components are aboveground parts of plants, including leaves of vascular plants, wood, epidermis and periderm, sporomorphs, sporangia, fruits and seeds, as well as zooclasts and protist remains. Microscopic grid analysis allows the share of individual morphological forms of organic matter to be determined in order to reconstruct the deposition conditions on the floodplain. This method makes it possible to detect episodes of activity of fluvial, aeolian and slope processes even when not accompanied by sedimentation of mineralogenic components

Mid-Holocene horizons of strongly decomposed peat and problems of dating paleohydrological changes in mires in the Racibórz basin, Southern Poland

During litho-stratigraphic studies of deposits in small mires in the upper basin of the Oder River, mid-Holocene hiatuses identified by the presence of horizons of strongly decomposed peat (HSDP), were identified at four sites. Radiocarbon dating results indicate long (103 years) breaks in peat accumulation and the dates obtained from the underlying layers of deposit are inconsistent with the pollen record. In order to explain these discrepancies, an attempt was made to recreate the condi-tions of HSDP formation under the influence of endo- and exogenous factors determining peatland productivity. In the light of macrofossil analysis, the development of HSDP during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods, when the humidity of habitats decreased, occurred at an advanced stage of devel-opment of swamps with Alnetea glutinosae forest communities. The gradual rise in water levels in the mires that started in the Subboreal period and intensified during the Subatlantic period was recorded as a slow shift in vegetation towards non-forest, sedge-moss communities belonging to the Mag-nocaricion alliance or the Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae class. One consequence of the mechanism of HSDP formation is the existence of limitations on the dating of the duration of the dry phase owing to the presence of organic matter of different ages in the degraded peat layer. The determination of the age of wet phases offers better prospects. In the light of radiocarbon dating, which is essentially in line with the pollen analysis results, the transition towards positive peatland productivity occurred be-tween ca. 9th century BC and 7th century CE

Torfowisko Żabieniec: warunki naturalne, rozwój i zapis zmian paleoekologicznych w jego osadach - recenzja

Recenzja monografii Torfowisko Żabieniec: warunki naturalne, rozwój i zapis zmian paleoekologicznych w jego osadach

Sources of Nutrition Information in Recreational Ultra-marathon Runners: A Mixed Methods Analysis

Ultra-marathon events (i.e., .42.2-km) continue to grow in popularity; however, little is known regarding the sources of nutrition information which inform their beliefs and habits. The objective of this study was to characterize the acquisition of sport-specific nutrition information among ultra-endurance athletes using a mixed methods design. Qualitative data were collected through focus groups and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three primary higher order themes were identified: Optimal Diet for Ultra-Endurance Athletes, Common Sources of Information, and Barriers to Scientific Information. Then, a self-report inventory (Sources of Nutrition Information-SONI questionnaire) was developed to assess common sources of nutrition information and characterize their beliefs about those sources. Likert-type questions were used, and primary sources were scored out of 3, sub-questions out of 5. Differences between sources were assessed using RM-ANOVA. Participants (N = 224) accessed, responded to, and submitted the survey via a secure, study-specific web-based link. Peer reviewed literature was reported as the most frequently used (mean score = 1.64, p \u3c 0.001), credible (3.02, p \u3c 0.001), and interesting (2.62, p \u3c 0.002). Social media was the most accessible (2.81, p \u3c 0.001), but the least credible (1.87, p \u3c 0.001). While social media was perceived less credible than other sources, its accessibility could make it a promising tool to provide evidence-based nutrition information to this population

Organic-carbon content as an indicator of Holocene denudation in the Upper Odra River basin

W artykule rozpatrzono uwarunkowania akumulacji organicznej i mineralnej w późnym vistulianie i holocenie w niewielkich zbiornikach sedymentacyjnych położonych w dolnych odcinkach dolin Kłodnicy i Osobłogi. Jako wskaźnik zmian natężenia denudacji zastosowano wahania zawartości całkowitego węgla organicznego w osadach oznaczone metodą wysokotemperaturowego spalania próbek i pomiaru koncentracji dwutlenku węgla przez absorpcję w podczerwieni. Zapis sedymentacyjny zestawiono z ewolucją szaty roślinnej i historią osadnictwa w rozpatrywanych dorzeczach oraz fazami aktywności fluwialnej i nasilenia procesów stokowych w południowej Polsce

Anthropogenic causes of wetland loss and degradation in the lower Kłodnica valley (southern Poland)

Loss and degradation of wetlands is now one of the most important environmental issues on a global scale. Previous research based on analyses of cartographic materials allow for quantification of changes in wetland area in recent centuries. The results of lithological research of peat cores, reported in this publication, have established that the processes of anthropogenic loss of wetlands can be much older and in the Kłodnica valley were initiated in the first millennium BC. As a result of increased mineral sedimentation accompanying soil erosion some peatlands have been fossilized whilst the area of others has been reduced. In total, the surface area of peat-forming wetlands in the bottom of the Kłodnica valley decreased by over 60% between the time of the Lusatian Culture settlement and the Middle Ages. Post-peatland habitats are recently used for agricultural or colonized by non-peat forming vegetation. These processes have played a more important role in the degradation of peatland ecosystems than the direct human impact in historic times. Changes in hydrographic networks, land drainage and regulation of water levels in rivers and canals in the last century have contributed to further reducing the wetland areas by almost 50% compared to the 1880s. These processes, however, have mainly affected ephemeral non-peat forming wetlands

Rejection in Łukasiewicz's and Słupecki's Sense

The idea of rejection originated by Aristotle. The notion of rejection was introduced into formal logic by Łukasiewicz [20]. He applied it to complete syntactic characterization of deductive systems using an axiomatic method of rejection of propositions [22, 23]. The paper gives not only genesis, but also development and generalization of the notion of rejection. It also emphasizes the methodological approach to biaspectual axiomatic method of characterization of deductive systems as acceptance (asserted) systems and rejection (refutation) systems, introduced by Łukasiewicz and developed by his student Słupecki, the pioneers of the method, which becomes relevant in modern approaches to logic

Geneza i zasięg vistuliańskiego zespołu terasowego Odry-Osobłogi pod Krapkowicami

The system of morphological levels occurs on the slopes of the Odra and Osobłoga valleys in the vicinity of Krapkowice, southern Poland. Their genesis, range and age have been the subject of lively scientific discussion since the 1930s. Geomorphological analysis confirmed the fluvial origin of these flats. The use of LIDAR data allowed for precise height determination and revision of the range of indivi-dual river terraces, which rise above the valley bottom to a height of about 166 m a.s.l. (more or less 6 m above the Osobłoga/Odra channel), 168 m a.s.l. (8 m), 172 m a.s.l. (12 m), 174 m a.s.l. (14 m) and 181 m a.s.l. (21 m) res-pectively. The dating of sediments building the terrace elevated to 172 m a.s.l. using the OSL-SAR method gave a result of 87.7 ± 5.7 ka (GdTL-2820) indicating that it originated from the last cold stage of the Pleistocene. The ter-race surface was shaped by a sand-gravel braided river, which has developed on the substratum of the alluvium do-cumenting the period of intense valley-floor aggradation

Modeling the interaction of computer errors by four-valued contaminating logics

Logics based on weak Kleene algebra (WKA) and related structures have been recently proposed as a tool for reasoning about flaws in computer programs. The key element of this proposal is the presence, in WKA and related structures, of a non-classical truth-value that is “contaminating” in the sense that whenever the value is assigned to a formula ϕ, any complex formula in which ϕ appears is assigned that value as well. Under such interpretations, the contaminating states represent occurrences of a flaw. However, since different programs and machines can interact with (or be nested into) one another, we need to account for different kind of errors, and this calls for an evaluation of systems with multiple contaminating values. In this paper, we make steps toward these evaluation systems by considering two logics, HYB1 and HYB2, whose semantic interpretations account for two contaminating values beside classical values 0 and 1. In particular, we provide two main formal contributions. First, we give a characterization of their relations of (multiple-conclusion) logical consequence—that is, necessary and sufficient conditions for a set Δ of formulas to logically follow from a set Γ of formulas in HYB1 or HYB2 . Second, we provide sound and complete sequent calculi for the two logics