Дискурсивно-структурні особливості англомовних текстів описів товарів комерційних інтернет-сайтів

Статтю присвячено визначенню та вивченню дискурсивних та структурних особливостей англомовних текстів описів товарів, розміщених на комерційних сайтах. У дослідженні виділяються основні композиційні елементи та комунікативні блоки структури цього типу текстів, дається характеристика основних паралігвістичних засобів, які у них зустрічаються. Значну увагу також приділено аналізу дейктичних елементів у семантичній структурі електронного тексту.Статья посвящена определению и исследованию дискурсивных и структурных особенностей англоязычных текстов описаний товара, размещенных на коммерческих сайтах. В исследовании выделяются основные композиционные элементы и коммуникативные блоки структуры этого типа текстов, дается характеристика основных паралингвистических средств, встречающихся в них. Значительное внимание также уделено анализу дейктических элементов в семантической структуре электронного текста.The article deals with discursive and structural features of English-language text descriptions of commodity placed on commercial sites. Focus is made on the basic components and communicative blocks of such kinds of texts. The deictic elements in the structure of hypertext are analysed

Mass movement characterization using a reflexion and refraction seismic survey with the sloping local base level concept

This study proposes a new concept for upscaling local information on failure surfaces derived from geophysical data, in order to develop the spatial information and quickly estimate the magnitude and intensity of a landslide. A new vision of seismic interpretation on landslides is also demonstrated by taking into account basic geomorphic information with a numeric method based on the Sloping Local Base Level (SLBL). The SLBL is a generalization of the base level defined in geomorphology applied to landslides, and allows the calculation of the potential geometry of the landslide failure surface. This approach was applied to a large scale landslide formed mainly in gypsum and situated in a former glacial valley along the Rhone within the Western European Alps. Previous studies identified the existence of two sliding surfaces that may continue below the level of the valley. In this study. seismic refraction-reflexion surveys were carried out to verify the existence of these failure surfaces. The analysis of the seismic data provides a four-layer model where three velocity layers (<1000 ms(-1), 1500 ms(-1) and 3000 ms(-1)) are interpreted as the mobilized mass at different weathering levels and compaction. The highest velocity layer (>4000 ms(-1)) with a maximum depth of similar to 58 m is interpreted as the stable anhydrite bedrock. Two failure surfaces were interpreted from the seismic surveys: an upper failure and a much deeper one (respectively 25 and 50 m deep). The upper failure surface depth deduced from geophysics is slightly different from the results obtained using the SLBL, and the deeper failure surface depth calculated with the SLBL method is underestimated in comparison with the geophysical interpretations. Optimal results were therefore obtained by including the seismic data in the SLBL calculations according to the geomorphic limits of the landslide (maximal volume of mobilized mass = 7.5 x 10(6) m(3))

Detection of seasonal cycles of erosion processes in a black marl gully from a time series of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs)

International audienceThe Roubine catchment located in the experimental research station of Draix-Bleone (south French Alps) is situated in Callovo-Oxfordian black marls, a lithology particularly prone to erosion and weathering processes. For 30 years, this small watershed (0.13 ha) has been monitored for analysing hillslope processes on the scale of elementary gullies. Since 2007, surface changes have been monitored by comparing high-resolution digital elevation models (HRDEMs) produced from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The objectives are (1) to detect and (2) to quantify the sediment production and the evolution of the gully morphology in terms of sediment availability/transport capacity vs. rainfall and runoff generation. Time series of TLS observations have been acquired periodically based on the seasonal runoff activity with a very high point cloud density ensuring a resolution of the digital elevation model (DEM) on the centimetre scale. The topographic changes over a time span of 2 years are analysed. Quantitative analyses of the seasonal erosion activity and of the sediment fluxes show and confirm that during winter, loose regolith is created by mechanical weathering, and it is eroded and accumulates in the rills and gullies. Because of limited rainfall intensity in spring, part of the material is transported in the main gullies, which are assumed to be a transport-limited erosion system. In the late spring and summer the rainfall intensities increase, allowing the regolith, weathered and accumulated in the gullies and rills during the earlier seasons, to be washed out. Later in the year the catchment acts as a sediment-limited system because no more loose regolith is available. One interesting result is the fact that in the gullies the erosion-deposition processes are more active around the slope angle value of 35 degrees, which probably indicates a behaviour close to dry granular material. It is also observed that there exist thresholds for the rainfall events that are able to trigger significant erosion; they are above 9mm rainfall or of an intensity of more than 1 mm min(-1), values which can vary if antecedent precipitation is significant within the last 5 days. This study improves knowledge of the spatial distribution of erosion seasonality in badlands and demonstrates the potential of careful 3-D high-resolution topography using TLS to improve the understanding of erosive processes

UAV-based remote sensing of the Super-Sauze landslide : evaluation and results.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with digital compact cameras can be used to map landslides quickly and at a high ground resolution. Images taken by a radio-controlled mini quad-rotor UAV of the Super-Sauze, France landslide have been used to produce a high-resolution ortho-mosaic of the entire landslide and digital terrain models (DTMs) of several regions. The UAV capability for imaging fissures and displacements on the landslide surface has been evaluated, and the subsequent image processing approaches for suitably georectifying the data have been assessed. For Super-Sauze, horizontal displacements of 7 to 55 m between a high-resolution airborne ortho-photo of May 2007 and a UAV-based ortho-mosaic of October 2008 have been measured. Fixed areas of persistent deformation have been identified, producing fissures of different distributions and orientations comparable to glacial crevasses, and relating directly to the bedrock topography. The UAV has demonstrated its capability for producing valuable landslide data but improvements are required to reduce data processing time for the efficient generation of ortho-mosaics based on photogrammetric DTMs, in order to minimise georeferencing errors

SLOWMOVE - A numerical model for the propagation of slow-moving landslides: issues and theoretical concepts

Gravitational flows characterized by low velocities represent widely-spread and costly geological hazard and pose particular challenges for the development of a representative numerical model. In many cases their behavior depends on complex mechanical and fluid interactions. The development of a physical-based numerical simulation that allows for an accurate model of observed landslide motion is particularly challenging and underlies a number of assumptions and simplifications. Many conventional techniques do not take hydromechanical effects into account or include the inertia of the moving mass which may result in an overestimation of velocities of the flowing materials

Testing different concepts of the equations of motion, describing runouttime and distance of slow-moving gravitational slides and flows

The kinematics of rapid and slow moving landslides is commonly described by equations of motion, which in case of a viscous component are based on the Navier-Stokes equation. They consist of inertial terms related to the change in velocity in time (local acceleration) and space (convective acceleration) and terms related to respectively the gravity, pressure and viscous forces. These viscous resistance forces in the mass balance can be accompanied or replaced by other rheological (frictional and cohesive) terms depending on the liquid/solid ratio of the moving mass

SLOWMOVE - A numerical model for the propagation of slow-moving landslides: issues and theoretical concepts

Gravitational flows characterized by low velocities represent widely-spread and costly geological hazard and pose particular challenges for the development of a representative numerical model. In many cases their behavior depends on complex mechanical and fluid interactions. The development of a physical-based numerical simulation that allows for an accurate model of observed landslide motion is particularly challenging and underlies a number of assumptions and simplifications. Many conventional techniques do not take hydromechanical effects into account or include the inertia of the moving mass which may result in an overestimation of velocities of the flowing materials