Tadpole of Rhinella jimi (Anura: Bufonidae) with Comments on the Tadpoles of Species of the Rhinella marina Group

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Here we describe the tadpoles of Rhinella jimi. Rhinella jimi tadpoles are benthic and exotrophic and display aggregative behavior. These tadpoles can be distinguished from other members of the Rhinella marina group by the combination of the following characters: spiracle with external tube opening on midbody; snout sloped in lateral view; eyes and nostrils proportionally larger than in Rhinella schneideri. Finally, we reviewed the information available on the other described tadpoles of the R. marina species group and compare them with the tadpole of R. jimi.443480483Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Bidirectional selection for body mass and correlated response of pyrethroid resistance and fitness in Sitophilus zeamais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Responses to artificial selection on body mass in the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were investigated to determine whether changes in body mass are associated with insecticide susceptibility, rate of population growth, and metabolic rate. Two strains of the maize weevil differing in susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides were subjected to bidirectional selection on body mass. The susceptible strain responded to selection resulting in individuals with lower or higher body mass, but the resistant strain responded significantly only to selection for lower body mass. The resistant strain selected for low body mass increased its level of deltamethrin resistance in 44 x . In contrast, selection for low body mass in the susceptible parental strain led to increased deltamethrin susceptibility (50 x ) and selection for high body mass increased deltamethrin resistance (4 x ). Thus, the correlated response of insecticide resistance to selection for body mass differed between strains, a likely consequence of their distinct genetic background. Regardless, body mass was positively correlated with fitness (reproductive output) (r = 0.79; P < 0.001), while such correlation with respiration rate was significant only at P = 0.07 (r = 0.44). Therefore, the association between body mass and deltamethrin resistance is population-dependent in the maize weevil, and the confluence of deltamethrin resistance and high body mass in a given strain will likely favour its energy metabolism and lead to the mitigation of fitness costs usually associated with insecticide resistance. The genetic background and selection history of insecticide resistant populations should not be neglected since they may favour the confluence of insecticide resistance with mitigation mechanisms of its associated fitness costs limiting the tactics available to their management.1354285292Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Anomalous Tadpoles In A Brazilian Oceanic Archipelago: Implications Of Oral Anomalies On Foraging Behaviour, Food Intake And Metamorphosis

Rhinella jimi (Anura, Bufonidae) is an introduced species in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, north-eastern Brazil. It is known as one of the greatest amphibian anomaly hotspots in the world, with almost half of the adult individuals in the population having external anomalies, but tadpoles from this population have not previously been examined. Therefore, we evaluated the presence of anomalies in tadpoles of this population, described their types and identified possible handicaps of anomalous tadpoles in foraging behaviour and food intake. We found anomalies in 52.5% of all tadpoles inspected, mostly involving labial teeth. Anomalous tadpoles, when compared to normal individuals, spend less time foraging and have a lower foraging efficiency. We also observed that anomalous toadlets originate both from normal and anomalous tadpoles. We suggest that the reduced feeding fitness may result in a reduced growing rate, longer time spent until metamorphosis, higher predation risk, different body mass, size and morphology in metamorphs and adults. 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Insecticide-induced hormesis in an insecticide-resistant strain of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais

Sublethal responses to insecticides are frequently neglected in studies of insecticide resistance, although stimulatory effects associated with low doses of compounds toxic at higher doses, such as insecticides, have been recognized as a general toxicological phenomenon. Evidence for this biphasic dose–response relationship, or hormesis, was recognized as one of the potential causes underlying pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks. Hormesis has also potentially important implications for managing insecticide‐resistant populations of insect‐pest species, but evidence of its occurrence in such context is lacking and fitness parameters are seldom considered in these studies. Here, we reported the stimulatory effect of sublethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin sprayed on maize grains infested with a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The parameters estimated from the fertility tables of resistant insects exposed to deltamethrin indicated a peak in the net reproductive rate at 0.05 ppm consequently leading to a peak in the intrinsic rate of population growth at this dose. The phenomenon is consistent with insecticide‐induced hormesis and its potential management implications are discussed

Emergência de Bidens pilosa em diferentes profundidades de semeadura Seed emergence of Bidens pilosa at different sowing depths

Bidens pilosa é uma das mais importantes plantas daninhas que ocorrem em lavouras anuais e perenes da região Centro-Sul do Brasil. A grande capacidade de produção de aquênios é uma das suas principais estratégias de sobrevivência, e o conhecimento das condições fundamentais para germinação e emergência das plântulas é essencial para predição do crescimento populacional e para a elaboração de plano de manejo de suas infestações e de seus biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas. Foram conduzidos ensaios em condições de casa de vegetação, onde foi avaliada a emergência de aquênios de B. pilosa em diferentes profundidades (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 cm). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro de 2006 e em março de 2007. Os resultados mostraram que a emergência de plântulas de picão-preto foi bastante afetada pela localização do aquênio no perfil do solo, ocorrendo expressiva redução a partir de 2 cm de profundidade. Essa característica da biologia reprodutiva do picão-preto é importante para a formação de densos bancos de sementes em solos submetidos ao preparo convencional, onde grande parte da chuva de sementes é nele incorporada.<br>Bidens pilosa is one of the major weeds in annual and perennial crops in midsouthern Brazil. High seed production is one of its most important survival strategies and the knowledge of the fundamental conditions for seedling germination and emergence is essential to establish prediction models of its population growth and to elaborate management models for control and prevention of herbicide resistant populations. This research aimed to understand the importance of B. pilosa seed depth in the soil profile to enhance its germination and seedling emergence potential. Thus, four assays were carried out under greenhouse conditions and the seeds were sown at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm from the soil surface. The emergence of B. pilosa seedlings was reduced as sowing depth was increased, with drastic reduction from two centimeters. This reproductive biology feature presented by B. pilosa is very important for the formation of dense seed banks in soils submitted to conventional tillage system