Relevance of multiple muons detected underground to the mass composition of primary cosmic rays

Calculations have been made of the expected frequencies of multiple muons in the Soudan underground proton decay detector. It is concluded that the flux of heavy nuclei (z 10) in the range 10 to the 15th power to 10 to the 16th power eV/nucleus is at most 25% of the total particle flux in the same range

Simulation of EAS properties on the basis of high energy interaction model deduced from the accelerator data

Calculations of extensive air showers in atmosphere were performed using formulae describing p-p and p-air nucleus interactions. The formulae fitted to the accelerator data were extrapolated taking the same trend up to 10 to the 16 eV. Above that energy it was assumed that the degree of scaling violating/alpha-parameter/ is saturating or even decreasing. The latter assumption follows from earlier work where it was found that without this restriction shower maxima at the highest energies are located too high in the atmosphere. Results of calculations have been compared with experimental data. The comparison was made separately for the curves obtained from the so called equal intensity cuts and for the Cerenkov data

Empirical description of the hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus interaction at the accelerator energy range

Taking into account several assumptions, a formula is transformed into two expressions for kaon and baryon plus antibaryon production in proton interaction and for pion production in pion interactions. Combining both formulae, expression are obtained for the spectrum of kaons and baryons plus antibaryons produced in the meson interactions. For analysis of the cosmic ray propagation in the atmosphere in actual fact, instead of the formulae for interactions of protons and mesons with protons, formulae appropriate for interactions with air nuclei was used. Using the method outlined among others by Elias et al. (1980) simple corrections were introduced to the derived expressions to account for the fact that the target is an air nucleus

Carpet-3 - a new experiment to study primary composition around the knee

We propose a new experiment to study primary composition around the knee. The Carpet-3 EAS array is the further development of the Carpet-2 EAS array (1700 m a.s.l., Baksan Valley) and it is supposed to be a multi-component and multi-purpose array detecting, in the EASs with $E > 10^{13}$ eV, electrons, gammas, muons (with a threshold energy of 1 GeV), hadrons (with energies more than 30 GeV), and thermal neutrons as well. The experimental data are to be used in the multi-component analysis to make conclusions about the composition of the primary cosmic rays.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Presented at the XV International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, Paris, France, September 1-6, 200

The primary energy estimation of inclined giant EAS

Determination of the primary energy by surface arrays (like AGASA) through estimators (instead of total size), taken as densities at 600 m from the shower axis, needs a special procedure for inclined cascades when the maximum is close to the array (less than 2-3 radiation lengths above). According to the cascade theory and the simulations with the CORSIKA code above 10 EeV the exponential function used for $/rho^(600)$ conversion from inclined to vertical showers is no longer valid. As follows from simulations at energies near to 100 EeV, the density at 600 m for zenith angles 25-35 exceeds by 10% the vertical density, whereas it was assumed to be 30% lower in the previous treatments. Such treatments generate an artificial increase in the estimation of the primary cosmic ray energy. The primary spectrum reconstructed by an appropriate procedure for inclined showers confirms GZK prediction and eliminates the divergence between measurements at ultra-high energies

Multiplicity spectrum of muon bundles and primary CR composition in the range 1 – 10000 TeV

Multiplicity spectrum of muon bundles underground, with Eμ ≥ few × 100 GeV, is an effective tool for study of primary Cosmic Ray spectrum and composition in wide range of the primary energies. In this paper we study integral muon number distribution measured at the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST). The analyzed range of the number of muon tracks crossing BUST (1 - 170) approximately corresponds to the primary energy range 1 – 104 TeV. The analysis shows that non-power law primary spectra are preferable below the knee. Such a spectrum can be obtained as superposition of the basic power law primary spectrum and an additional component from nearby supernova remnant in the Galaxy

Pulsive feedback control for stabilizing unstable periodic orbits in a nonlinear oscillator with a non-symmetric potential

We examine a strange chaotic attractor and its unstable periodic orbits in case of one degree of freedom nonlinear oscillator with non symmetric potential. We propose an efficient method of chaos control stabilizing these orbits by a pulsive feedback technique. Discrete set of pulses enable us to transfer the system from one periodic state to another.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

EAS experiment on board of the Airbus A380

We consider taking the opportunity of about 10.000 hours of test of the Airbus A380, and to install at passenger space detectors for high energy cosmic ray events. The altitude of 10 km (250 g/cm 2 ) would give opportunity to measure EAS originating from heavy primaries to energies exceeding 10 7 GeV, and also coming without interaction proton component beyond the energy of the knee. At the altitude the iron originated EAS are well developed and registering their lateral distribution in 70 meters long cabin it is possible to distinguish them from proton originated EAS. Hadron component of EAS (registered as number of secondary hadrons produced in the detector) would help in discrimination and energy estimation. On another hand, registrations of high energy protons (without EAS) would enable to measure high energy proton spectrum. The energy of the proton would be estimated via hadron multiplicity in single interaction inside the detector. We propose to use about 60 modules of 0.5 m 2 of active detectors with scintillators to detect E-M component and carbon target with lead layer to detect the hadronic component via neutron registrations

Surface Quality of a Work Material Influence on Vibrations in a Cutting Process

The problem of stability in the machining processes is an important task. It is strictly connected with the final quality of a product. In this paper we consider vibrations of a tool-workpiece system in a straight turning process induced by random disturbances and their effect on a product surface. Basing on experimentally obtained system parameters we have done the simulations using one degree of freedom model. The noise has been introduced to the model by the Langevin equation. We have also analyzed the product surface shape and its dependence on the level of noise.Comment: 12 pages, PDF of figures can be obtained from http://archimedes.pol.lublin.pl/~raf/graf/fpic.pd