Certifications Offered by Cost Estimating Organizations

There has been an increasing trend in professional and engineering circles to place greater emphasis on official credentials. These credentials commonly come in the form of certificates – documented recognition by a professional body that an engineer or other professional has the qualifications and technical knowledge to be a practitioner in that field. These certificates are somewhat analogous to merit badges in scouting – the certification is evidence that the holder has a certain minimum level of competence in the subject area. This review will help you decide what certifications are applicable to you and the requirements to obtain a certification

Управление операциями с пластиковыми картами в коммерческом банке

Работа посвящена управлению операциями с банковскими картами в коммерческом банке. Рассматриваются виды банковских карт, классификация операций с ними и изучение современных тенденций развития пластиковых карт в Российской Федерации. В конце работы даются рекомендации по развитию операций с пластиковыми картами в коммерческом банке.The work is dedicated to the management of card transactions in the commercial bank. Consider the types of bank cards , the classification of transactions with them and study modern trends in the development of plastic cards in the Russian Federation . At the end of the paper provides recommendations on the development of operations with plastic cards in a commercial bank

Анализ метрологического обеспечения системы измерений количества и показателей качества нефти СИКН-25-РК-А002 на нефтеперекачивающей станции "Кропоткинская"

Объектом исследования является метрологическое обеспечение системы измерений количества и показателей качества нефти СИКН-25-РК-А002 на нефтеперекачивающей станции "Кропоткинская". Цель работы – проведение анализа обеспечения единства измерений на нефтеперекачивающей станции “Кропоткинская”. Для достижения цели работы были поставлены следующие задачи: рассмотреть обеспечение единства измерений системы измерений на НПС “Кропоткинская” и определить её погрешность в зависимости от условий эксплуатации и транспортируемой среды; рассчитать погрешность измерений массы нетто товарной нефти с помощью СИКН № 59462 НПС “Кропоткинская” и проанализировать её составляющие; рассмотреть безопасные условия эксплуатации НПС “Кропоткинская”.Object of research is metrological providing an oil quantity and quality measuring system of SIKN-25-RK-A002 at oil pumping station "Kropotkinskaya". The work purpose – carrying out the analysis of ensuring unity of measurements at oil pumping station "Kropotkinskaya". For goal achievement of work the following tasks have been set: to consider ensuring unity of measurements of measuring system on NPS "Kropotkinskaya" and to determine its error depending on service conditions and the transported environment; to calculate an error of measurements of net weight of commodity oil by means of SIKN No. 59462 NPS "Kropotkinskaya" and to analyse its components; to consider safe service conditions of NPS "Kropotkinskaya"

Millicurrent stimulation of human articular chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen type-I gel and of human osteochondral explants

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Here we investigate the effect of millicurrent treatment on human chondrocytes cultivated in a collagen gel matrix and on human osteochondral explants.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Human chondrocytes from osteoarthritic knee joints were enzymatically released and transferred into a collagen type-I gel. Osteochondral explants and cell-seeded gel samples were cultivated in-vitro for three weeks. Samples of the verum groups were stimulated every two days by millicurrent treatment (3 mA, sinusoidal signal of 312 Hz amplitude modulated by two super-imposed signals of 0.28 Hz), while control samples remained unaffected. After recovery, collagen type-I, type-II, aggrecan, interleukin-1β, IL-6, TNFα and MMP13 were examined by immunohistochemistry and by real time PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>With regard to the immunostainings 3 D gel samples and osteochondral explants did not show any differences between treatment and control group. The expression of all investigated genes of the 3 D gel samples was elevated following millicurrent treatment. While osteochondral explant gene expression of col-I, col-II and Il-1β was nearly unaffected, aggrecan gene expression was elevated. Following millicurrent treatment, IL-6, TNFα, and MMP13 gene expression decreased. In general, the standard deviations of the gene expression data were high, resulting in rarely significant results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that millicurrent stimulation of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes cultivated in a 3 D collagen gel and of osteochondral explants directly influences cell metabolism.</p

No Evidence of Persisting Unrepaired Nuclear DNA Single Strand Breaks in Distinct Types of Cells in the Brain, Kidney, and Liver of Adult Mice after Continuous Eight-Week 50 Hz Magnetic Field Exposure with Flux Density of 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized in the literature that exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (50 or 60 Hz) may lead to human health effects such as childhood leukemia or brain tumors. In a previous study investigating multiple types of cells from brain and kidney of the mouse (Acta Neuropathologica 2004; 107: 257-264), we found increased unrepaired nuclear DNA single strand breaks (nDNA SSB) only in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in the brain using autoradiographic methods after a continuous eight-week 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure of adult mice with flux density of 1.5 mT. METHODS: In the present study we tested the hypothesis that MF exposure with lower flux densities (0.1 mT, i.e., the actual exposure limit for the population in most European countries, and 1.0 mT) shows similar results to those in the previous study. Experiments and data analysis were carried out in a similar way as in our previous study. RESULTS: Continuous eight-week 50 Hz MF exposure with 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT did not result in increased persisting unrepaired nDNA SSB in distinct types of cells in the brain, kidney, and liver of adult mice. MF exposure with 1.0 mT led to reduced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in epithelial cells in the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle in the brain (EC-CP) and epithelial cells of the cortical collecting duct in the kidney, as well as to reduced mtDNA synthesis in neurons of the caudate nucleus in the brain and in EC-CP. CONCLUSION: No evidence was found for increased persisting unrepaired nDNA SSB in distinct types of cells in the brain, kidney, and liver of adult mice after continuous eight-week 50 Hz magnetic field exposure with flux density of 0.1 mT or 1.0 mT