Appendix A. Order-specific adult vs. offspring size comparisons and adult vs. adult/offspring size comparisons.

Order-specific adult vs. offspring size comparisons and adult vs. adult/offspring size comparisons

Analysis of the aerodynamic performance of a morphing wing-tip demonstrator using a novel nonlinear vortex lattice method

This paper presents the novel nonlinear formulation of the Vortex Lattice Method approach for calculating the aerodynamic properties of lifting surfaces. The mathematical model is constructed by using two-dimensional viscous analyses of the wing span-wise sections, according to strip theory, and then coupling the strip viscous forces with the forces generated by the vortex rings distributed on the wing camber surface, calculated with a fully three-dimensional vortex lifting law. The numerical results obtained with the proposed method are validated with experimental data and show good agreement in predicting both the lift and pitching moment, as well as in predicting the wing drag. The technology demonstrator was modeled after an aircraft wing tip section, and was fitted with a composite material upper skin whose shape can be morphed, as a function of the flight condition, by four electrical actuators placed inside the wing structure. The nonlinear VLM results were compared with balance forces/moments measurements taken during subsonic wind tunnel tests performed at the National Research Council Canada.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Characteristic Sizes of Life in the Oceans, from Bacteria to Whales*

The size of an individual organism is a key trait to characterize its physiology and feeding ecology. Size-based scaling laws may have a limited size range of validity or undergo a transition from one scaling exponent to another at some characteristic size. We collate and review data on size-based scaling laws for resource acquisition, mobility, sensory range, and progeny size for all pelagic marine life, from bacteria to whales. Further, we review and develop simple theoretical arguments for observed scaling laws and the characteristic sizes of a change or breakdown of power laws. We divide life in the ocean into seven major realms based on trophic strategy, physiology, and life history strategy. Such a categorization represents a move away from a taxonomically oriented description toward a trait-based description of life in the oceans. Finally, we discuss life forms that transgress the simple size-based rules and identify unanswered questions