405 research outputs found
Shifting landscapes: Christian apologetics and the gradual restriction of dhimmi social religious liberties from the Arab-Muslim conquests to the Abbasid era
This historical research study explores the changes of conquered Christians’ social-religious liberties from the first interactions between Christians and Arab-Muslims during the conquests c. A.D. 630 through the the ‘Abbasid era c. A.D. 850. Examining the development of Christian apologetic interaction over time and its effect within Muslim communities, apologetic dialogue and disputation generated a serious concern of apostasy in the Islamic Empire in which later Islamic legal scholars particularly emphasized and restricted Christian apologetics and evangelical actions in universal Islamic law codes, altering Christian social-religious living. This thesis suggests that Christian social-religious liberties did not immediately begin in conflict or legal restraint, but rather gradually developed and became restricted over time because Christians pressed in, crossed over, and challenged the religious beliefs of Islamic confessional communities, potentially prompting Arab-Muslims to convert to Christianity
COSY-11: an experimental facility for studying meson production in free and quasi-free nucleon-nucleon collisions
The COSY-11 experimental setup is an internal facility installed at the
COoler SYnchrotron COSY in Juelich. It allows to investigate meson production
in free and quasi-free nucleon-nucleon collisions, eg. pp --> pp meson and pd
--> p_sp np meson reactions. Drift chambers and scintillators permit to measure
outgoing protons, separated in magnetic field of COSY-11 dipole. Neutrons are
registered in the neutron modular detector installed downstream the beam.
Recently, the experimental setup has been extended with spectator detector,
deuteron drift chamber and polarization monitoring system, and since then meson
production can be investigated also as a function of spin and isospin of
colliding nucleons.Comment: Presented at LEAP05: International conference on Low Energy
Antiproton Physics, Bonn - Juelich, Germany, May 16-22, 200
Isospin dependence of the eta' meson production in nucleon--nucleon collisions
According to the quark model, the masses of eta and eta' mesons should be
almost equal. However, the empirical values of these masses differ by more than
the factor of two. Similarly, though the almost the same quark-antiquark
content, the total cross section for the creation of these mesons close to the
kinematical thresholds in the pp --> ppX reaction differs significantly. Using
the COSY-11 detection setup we intend to determine whether this difference will
also be so significant in the case of the production of these mesons in the
proton-neutron scattering. Additionally, the comparison of the pp --> pp eta'
and pn --> pn eta' total cross sections will allow to learn about the
production of the eta' meson in the channels of isospin I = 0 and I = 1 and to
investigate aspects of the gluonium component of the eta' meson.Comment: Presented at LEAP05: International conference on Low Energy
Antiproton Physics, Bonn - Juelich, Germany, May 16-22, 200
Results of prospective randomized study of local enoxaparin delivery versus systemic heparinization for NIR stent placement
Eta and eta' mesons production at COSY-11
The low emittance and small momentum spread of the proton and deuteron beams
of the Cooler Synchrotron COSY combined with the high mass resolution of the
COSY-11 detection system permit to study the creation of mesons in the
nucleon-nucleon interaction down to the fraction of MeV with respect to the
kinematical threshold. At such small excess energies, the ejectiles possess low
relative momenta and are predominantly produced with the relative angular
momentum equal to zero. Taking advantage of these conditions we have performed
investigations aiming to determine the mechanism of the production of eta and
eta' mesons in the collision of hadrons as well as the hadronic interaction of
these mesons with nucleons and nuclei. In this proceedings we address the
ongoing studies of the spin and isospin dependence for the production of the
eta and eta' mesons in free and quasi-free nucleon-nucleon collisions. New
results on the spin observables for the vec(p)p --> pp eta reaction, combined
with the previously determined total cross section isospin dependence, reveal a
statistically significant indication that the excitation of the nucleon to the
S11(1535) resonance, the process which intermediates the production of the eta
meson in the nucleon-nucleon interactions, is predominantly due to the exchange
of the pi meson between the colliding nucleons.Comment: Invited talk at MESON 2006: 9th International Workshop on Meson
Production, Properties and Interactions, Cracow, Poland, 9-13 Jun 200
Environmental engineering applications of electronic nose systems based on MOX gas sensors
Nowadays, the electronic nose (e-nose) has gained a huge amount of attention due to its
ability to detect and differentiate mixtures of various gases and odors using a limited number of sensors.
Its applications in the environmental fields include analysis of the parameters for environmental
control, process control, and confirming the efficiency of the odor-control systems. The e-nose has
been developed by mimicking the olfactory system of mammals. This paper investigates e-noses
and their sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. Among different types of gas
chemical sensors, metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOXs) can be used for the detection of volatile
compounds in air at ppm and sub-ppm levels. In this regard, the advantages and disadvantages
of MOX sensors and the solutions to solve the problems arising upon these sensors’ applications
are addressed, and the research works in the field of environmental contamination monitoring are
overviewed. These studies have revealed the suitability of e-noses for most of the reported applications,
especially when the tools were specifically developed for that application, e.g., in the facilities
of water and wastewater management systems. As a general rule, the literature review discusses the
aspects related to various applications as well as the development of effective solutions. However,
the main limitation in the expansion of the use of e-noses as an environmental monitoring tool is
their complexity and lack of specific standards, which can be corrected through appropriate data
processing methods applications
Study of the 3He-eta system in d-p collisions at COSY-11
We present preliminary results from dp --> 3He X (X=pi0,eta) measurements
near the eta production threshold. The data were taken during a slow ramping of
the COSY internal deuteron beam scattered on a proton target. The 3He ejectiles
were registered with the COSY-11 detection setup. The ongoing data analysis
should deliver high precision data for the dp --> 3He eta total and
differential cross sections for the excess energies in the range from threshold
up to 9 MeV. The preliminary excitation function for the reaction dp --> 3He
pi0 does not show any structure which could originate from the decay of 3He-eta
bound state. We present also a threshold excitation curve for the dp --> 3He X
channel. Contrary to corresponding results from SATURNE we see no cusp in the
vicinity of the eta threshold.Comment: 8 pages; 5 figures; Talk at Eta05 Workshop on Production and Decay of
eta and eta-prime Mesons, Cracow, Poland, 15-18 Sep 2005; Acta Phys. Slovaca,
in prin
General thoughts to the Kaon pair production in the threshold region
Simple--minded thoughts about the cross sections for the reactions
pp-->ppK+K- and pp-->ppK0K0 are presented, which certainly do not account for
the complex coupled channel problem but rather provide some ideas into the
mutual reaction dynamics.Comment: Talk given at 9th International Workshop on Meson Production,
Properties and Interaction, Cracow, Poland, 9-13 June 2006. 3 pages, 2
figure
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