5,693 research outputs found
The big problem of small change
Western Europe was plagued with currency shortages from the 14th century, at which a 'standard formula' had been devised to cure the problem. We use a cash-in-advance model of commodity money to define a currency shortage, show that they could develop and persist under commodity money regime, and analyze the role played by each ingredient in the standard formula. A companion paper documents the evolution of monetary theory, monetary experiments and minting technology over the course of six hundred years.Monetary theory ; Money ; Money theory
Development and collapse of an Oscillatoria bloom in Loch Leven during July 1994
During 1994, weekly spot-sampling of open water sites on Loch Leven took place from 16th March onwards. Very little difference between spot-sampling sites was observed from 16th March to 5th July. Throughout April and May there was a slow increase in levels of chlorophyll-a, followed by a rapid increase through June, reaching a maximum of 230 micrograms per litre. On 8th July there was a very rapid rise in water temperature, with a corresponding increase in dissolved oxygen and pH. At 0915 hours on 9th July there was a drop in all three variables. These changes were coincident with a marked reduction in chlorophyll-a values falling to 70 micrograms per litre on 12th July. On 16th July evidence of a resurgence of photosynthesis was observed
Effects of forward velocity on noise for a J85 turbojet engine with multitube suppressor from wind tunnel and flight tests
Flight and wind tunnel noise tests were conducted using a J85 turbojet engine as a part of comprehensive programs to obtain an understanding of forward velocity effects on jet exhaust noise. Nozzle configurations of primary interest were a 104-tube suppressor with and without an acoustically-treated shroud. The installed configuration of the engine was as similar as possible in the flight and wind tunnel tests. Exact simultaneous matching of engine speed, exhaust velocity, and exhaust temperature was not possible, and the wind tunnel maximum Mach number was approximately 0.27, while the flight Mach number was approximately 0.37. The nominal jet velocity range was 450 to 640 m/sec. For both experiments, background noise limited the jet velocity range for which significant data could be obtained. In the present tests the observed directivity and forward velocity effects for the suppressor are more similar to predicted trends for internally-generated noise than unsuppressed jet noise
Scarring of Florida’s seagrasses: assessment and management options
Management programs that address scarring
of seagrasses should be based on an approach that
involves (1) education, (2) channel marking,
(3) increased enforcement, and (4) limited-motoring
zones. Aerial monitoring and photography of
the managed area are essential in evaluating the
effectiveness of a program. Management programs
that use this multifaceted approach have been
instituted by a few local governments and at several
state parks. Initial results of the programs
indicate that in some areas seagrass scarring has
been reduced but that in other areas emphasis may
need to be increased on one or more of the components
of the four-point approach. A statewide
management plan is needed to address the most
egregious scarring over large areas that may be
difficult to regulate at the local-government level
Effect of configuration variation on externally blown flap noise
The sensitivity of flap interaction noise to variations in engine-under-the-wing externally blown flap geometry was investigated with a large cold-flow model. Both 2- and 3-flap wing sections (7-ft chord) with trailing flap angles up to 60 deg were employed. Exhaust nozzles included coaxial, plug, and 8- and 13-inch diameter conical configurations. These nozzles were tested at two positions below the wing. The effects of these geometry variations on noise level, directivity, and spectral shape are summarized in terms of exhaust flow parameters evaluated at the nozzle exit and at the flap impingement station. The results are also compared with limited flap noise data available from tests using real engines
Baseline tests of the C. H. Waterman Renault 5 electric passenger vehicle
The Waterman vehicle, a four passenger Renault 5 GTL, performance test results are presented and characterized the state-of-the-art of electric vehicles. It was powered by sixteen 6-volt traction batteries through a two-step contactor controller actuated by a foot throttle to change the voltage applied to the 6.7 -kilowatt motor. The motor output shaft was connected to a front-wheel-drive transaxle that contains a four-speed manual transmission and clutch. The braking system was a conventional hydraulic braking system
Interferometric Evidence for Resolved Warm Dust in the DQ Tau System
We report on near-infrared (IR) interferometric observations of the
double-lined pre-main sequence (PMS) binary system DQ Tau. We model these data
with a visual orbit for DQ Tau supported by the spectroscopic orbit & analysis
of \citet{Mathieu1997}. Further, DQ Tau exhibits significant near-IR excess;
modeling our data requires inclusion of near-IR light from an 'excess' source.
Remarkably the excess source is resolved in our data, similar in scale to the
binary itself ( 0.2 AU at apastron), rather than the larger circumbinary
disk ( 0.4 AU radius). Our observations support the \citet{Mathieu1997}
and \citet{Carr2001} inference of significant warm material near the DQ Tau
binary.Comment: 14 pgs, 3 figures, ApJL in pres
Baseline tests of the EPC Hummingbird electric passenger vehicle
The rear-mounted internal combustion engine in a four-passenger Volkswagen Thing was replaced with an electric motor made by modifying an aircraft generator and powered by 12 heavy-duty, lead-acid battery modules. Vehicle performance tests were conducted to measure vehicle maximum speed, range at constant speed, range over stop-and-go driving schedules, maximum acceleration, gradeability limit, road energy consumption, road power, indicated energy consumption, braking capability, battery charger efficiency, and battery characteristics. Test results are presented in tables and charts
Estimating factor models for multivariate volatilities : an innovation expansion method
We introduce an innovation expansion method for estimation of factor models for conditional variance (volatility) of a multivariate time series. We estimate the factor loading space and the number of factors by a stepwise optimization algorithm on expanding the "white noise space". Simulation and a real data example are given for illustration
Falloff of the Weyl scalars in binary black hole spacetimes
The peeling theorem of general relativity predicts that the Weyl curvature
scalars Psi_n (n=0...4), when constructed from a suitable null tetrad in an
asymptotically flat spacetime, fall off asymptotically as r^(n-5) along
outgoing radial null geodesics. This leads to the interpretation of Psi_4 as
outgoing gravitational radiation at large distances from the source. We have
performed numerical simulations in full general relativity of a binary black
hole inspiral and merger, and have computed the Weyl scalars in the standard
tetrad used in numerical relativity. In contrast with previous results, we
observe that all the Weyl scalars fall off according to the predictions of the
theorem.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, published versio
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