To labor as an Indian travels: what the Spokan Indians taught the Eells and Walkers, early missionaries on the Columbia Plateau

Between 1838 and 1848, two New England families interacted and lived among a small band of Spokan Indians. During their time together, both groups learned much from each other. The story of how the Eells and Walkers related to the Spokan is different from other missionary tales. Their peaceful existence and daily cultural exchanges shines a gentler light on this era of transition on the Columbia Plateau. Their story should not distract from what occurred elsewhere in the Oregon Country during the 1830s and 1840s, but its telling gives a fuller and thus a more accurate picture of what took place during the missionary era of the West. The research involved in the telling of this story comes primarily from the written words of the Walkers and Eells. The journals, letters, and memoirs left behind by the missionaries give a detailed accounting of what happened at the Tshimakain Mission Station on a daily basis. To supplement the missionaries\u27 words, I relied on ethnographies written about the Spokan and other peoples of the Columbia Plateau. Taken together they explain how, why, and in what ways the Tshimakain missionaries adopted, adapted, and relied on the lifeways of the Spokan --Document

Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Exercise in College Age Students Before and After Participating in Regular Exercise Comparted to a Cohort Group

The highest rate of decline in physical activity occurs in late adolescence and early adulthood (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The lack of continuation of regular physical activity from adolescence to young adulthood has impact on morbidity and mortality rates in the United States. While the reason for this decline is not fully known, numerous studies have described both the benefits and barriers to exercise. In contrast, few studies have examined changes in benefits and barriers to exercise in college-aged students as a result of participating in a physical activity intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived exercise benefits and barriers of college aged students before and after participating in regular exercise. A quasi-experimental design was used. The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) is a reliable and valid instrument, and was given to participants prior to and after completing the Physical Activity and Christian Living (PACL) class at Cedarville University. In order to increase physical exercise in young adults, it is important to understand what can affect perceived benefits and barriers of exercise in adolescents. Within this context, the perceived benefits and barriers to exercise are important mediators of exercise behavior change (Lovell, Ansari, & Parker, 2010)

LDEF microenvironments, observed and predicted

A computer model for prediction of atomic oxygen exposure of spacecraft in low earth orbit, referred to as the primary atomic oxygen model, was originally described at the First Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Post-Retrieval Symposium. The primary atomic oxygen model accounts for variations in orbit parameters, the condition of the atmosphere, and for the orientation of exposed surfaces relative to the direction of spacecraft motion. The use of the primary atomic oxygen model to define average atomic oxygen exposure conditions for a spacecraft is discussed and a second microenvironments computer model is described that accounts for shadowing and scattering of atomic oxygen by complex surface protrusions and indentations. Comparisons of observed and predicted erosion of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) thermal control blankets using the models are presented. Experimental and theoretical results are in excellent agreement. Work is in progress to expand modeling capability to include ultraviolet radiation exposure and to obtain more detailed information on reflecting and scattering characteristics of material surfaces

Increasing Consumer Power in the Grievance and Appeal Process for Medicare HMO Enrollees

Federal law requires that Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) provide Medicare beneficiaries with specific grievance and appeal rights for challenging adverse decisions of these organizations. The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) is charged with enforcing these regulations. Currently, however, HCFA contracts with HMOs, allowing them to enroll Medicare beneficiaries despite the fact that many of the statutory and regulatory requirements are ignored by the Medicare HMOs. This is problematic because the elderly Medicare population may not be able to independently and adequately challenge the HMO\u27s denial of care or reimbursement. Because HCFA has been reluctant and ineffective in ensuring that Medicare enrollees are guaranteed grievance and appeal rights, other alternatives should be explored. This Note argues that private accreditation, for those Medicare HMOs that choose to be subjected to the process, should be allowed as an alternative to regulation under HCFA

Animal Research in Medical Sciences: Seeking a Convergence of Science, Medicine, and Animal Law

As the intersection of animal law and animal research becomes congested, it is appropriate to establish the scientific context in which laws regarding the use and care of research animals will operate. There are at least three components of this context that set the terms of the debate: ethics, science, and the legal status of animals. The following discussion will not address ethics; not because it isn’t important, but because it exists along a spectrum of objective and subjective positions that are often unassailable by argument and data. I can assure you as a former animal researcher that even in the most compassionate hands, animal research is cruel, sad, and deadly for animals. The pro-research ethics argument can only be that this research is a “necessary evil” for the advancement of science and medicine, and thus worth the cost in animal misery

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Green Infrastructure Investments: Application to Small Urban Projects in Hinesville, GA

Small scale urban green infrastructure projects can provide local ecological services that should be accounted for in project assessment. Benefits assessment can be expensive and time consuming; benefit transfer provides an economical alternative, but the quality of the analysis depends upon available data. A best-case scenario for many applications of benefit transfer is to utilize a conforming meta-analysis. In this paper, we use the meta-analysis of Bockarjova, et al. (2020) to predict ecological benefits of small scale urban green infrastructure investments in Hinesville, GA. In doing so, we implement a censoring procedure on the benefit transfer function to permit analysis of small-scale (less than one-hectare) projects. We find evidence of substantial net economic benefits, with estimates ranging from $738,312 to over$5.5 million; positive benefit-to-cost ratios are robust to substantial cost increases (4 times the estimated costs). We provide guidance for how to apply these methods to other contexts

Podocytes in culture: past, present, and future

Human genetic and in vivo studies have helped to define the critical importance of podocytes for kidney function in health and disease. However, as in any other research area, by default these approaches do not allow for mechanistic studies. Such mechanistic studies require the availability of cells grown ex vivo (i.e., in culture) with the ability to directly study mechanistic events and control the environment such that specific hypotheses can be tested. A seminal breakthrough came about a decade ago with the documentation of differentiation in culture of primary rat and human podocytes and the subsequent development of conditionally immortalized differentiated podocyte cell lines that allow deciphering the decisive steps of differentiation and function of ‘in vivo’ podocytes. Although this paper is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of podocyte biology, nor their role in proteinuric renal diseases or progressive glomerulosclerosis, it will focus specifically on several aspects of podocytes in culture. In particular, we will discuss the scientific and research rationale and need for cultured podocytes, how podocyte cell-culture evolved, and how cultured podocytes are currently being used to uncover novel functions of podocytes that can then be validated in vivo in animal or human studies. In addition, we provide a detailed description of how to properly culture and characterize podocytes to avoid potential pitfalls

Model of spacecraft atomic oxygen and solar exposure microenvironments

Computer models of environmental conditions in Earth orbit are needed for the following reasons: (1) derivation of material performance parameters from orbital test data, (2) evaluation of spacecraft hardware designs, (3) prediction of material service life, and (4) scheduling spacecraft maintenance. To meet these needs, Boeing has developed programs for modeling atomic oxygen (AO) and solar radiation exposures. The model allows determination of AO and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposures for spacecraft surfaces (1) in arbitrary orientations with respect to the direction of spacecraft motion, (2) overall ranges of solar conditions, and (3) for any mission duration. The models have been successfully applied to prediction of experiment environments on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) and for analysis of selected hardware designs for deployment on other spacecraft. The work on these models has been reported at previous LDEF conferences. Since publication of these reports, a revision has been made to the AO calculation for LDEF, and further work has been done on the microenvironments model for solar exposure

Effects of space exposure on metals flown on the Long Duration Exposure Facility

This report includes measurements on copper, aluminum, and stainless steel from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Summaries of the performance of a variety of metals flown on LDEF are presented. An extensive list of references directs the reader to other detailed investigations. The influence of contamination on a number of measurements is documented