Efeito da temperatura e fotoperíodo na esporulação de Trichoderma em meio líquido.

Resumo: Trichoderma é um dos agentes de controle biológico de doenças mais utilizados na agricultura, cuja produção de esporos é realizada industrialmente em meio sólido, pois sua esporulação em meio liquido é ainda um desafio. Neste contexto, a definição dos parâmetros capazes de promover maior produção de esporos em fermentação líquida vem sendo investigada. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer uma temperatura e fotoperíodo que sejam ótimos para obter maior produção de esporos com boa viabilidade. No ensaio utilizou-se um isolado de Trichoderma asperellum que foi cultivado em meio Czapek-Dox e sacarose como fonte de carbono com temperaturas de 15, 25 e 30ºC entre fotoperíodos 0, 12 e 24 horas, sendo o arranjo fatorial 3x3. Um disco de micélio de T. asperellum foi colocado em frascos de 250ml onde permaneceram por um período de 7 dias em um agitador orbital. Para as avaliações foram quantificadas as concentrações de esporos, percentual de conídios viáveis, unidades formadoras de colônias e massa seca. As análises foram realizadas por meio de análise de variância e teste de Tukey a 5%. A temperatura de 30ºC foi a melhor utilizada, independente do fotoperíodo. A temperatura de 25ºC apresentou resultados significativamente similares a 30ºC, exceto para a concentração de conídios, que foi menor. Para o teste de germinação os fatores avaliados não interferiram no ensaio. Abstract: Thichoderma is one of the most widely used biocontrol agents in agriculture, whose spore production is manufactured in solid media, because its sporulation in liquid media is still a challenge. In this context, the definition of parameters which are able to promote wider yield of spores in liquid fermentation has been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this work is to establish an ideal temperature and photoperiod to produce spores with good viability. In treatments, a Trichoderma asperellum isolate cultivated in Czapek-Dox media and sucrose as a source of carbon with temperatures of 15, 25 and 30oC among photoperiods of 0, 12 and 24 hours being the factorial arrangement of 3x3 was used. A mycelium disk of T. asperellum was placed in the 250ml flasks where remained for a period of seven days on an orbital shaker. For the evaluation were quantified the spore concentrations, viable conidial percentage, colony forming units and dry weight. The analyzes were performed by analysis of variance and Tykey test at 5%. The temperature of 30oC was the best utilized, regardless of photoperiod. The temperature of 25oC was significantly similar to 30oC, except for the concentration of conidia, that was lower. For the germination test the evaluated factors do not interfere in the experiment

Comparison of Closure of Gastric Perforation Ulcers With Biodegradable Lactide-Glycolide-Caprolactone or Omental Patches

Results of both methods of gastric closure (omental and biodegradable patch) were similar suggesting that a biodegradable patch glued to the outside of the stomach may be a viable alternative for closure of perforations of the digestive tract

The Law\u27s Mystery

What is the continuing significance of Cohen v. California, the 1971 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that “Fuck the Draft” is a message protected by the First Amendment? Using Cohen as an exemplar, this article offers a new theory about how to understand the law and judicial opinions. The theory begins in a recognition of the “law” as resting upon mystery and uncertainty, a mystery that is also the source of the law’s enchantment. It is this enchantment that we depend upon for the law to be authoritative rather than authoritarian and reducible to the political and thus to power. In simple terms, the mystery of the law—its being beyond us in this way—constitutes its legitimate authority over us. The law that discloses itself to us does so through the openings that language provides. For our culture, judicial opinions are its primary way of doing this. Having introduced the theory, the article applies it, exploring whether it is possible to bring to the surface the tracings of a “great” judicial performance, using “great” in the sense of revealing an opening through which the law discloses itself. This section describes a reading of Cohen that aims to discover whether through the performance of the opinion, its author has uncovered something that is “of the essence” of our community. The article finally raises questions about what it would mean to legal education and law practice if judicial opinions were evaluated without destroying the law’s mystery. What would it mean if we thought of judges as preservers of this mystery? What would it mean if readers of opinions started thinking in terms of their own experience of the opinion rather than as critics of it? And what would it mean if lawyers saw their task as related to “truth”

Non-real Eigenvalues for PT-Symmetric Double Wells

We study small, PT-symmetric perturbations of self-adjoint double-well Schr\"odinger operators in dimension $n\geq 1$. We prove that the eigenvalues stay real for a very small perturbation, then bifurcate to the complex plane as the perturbation gets stronger

Dielectric tuning and coupling of whispering gallery modes using an anisotropic prism

Optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are a powerful and versatile tool used in many branches of science. Fine tuning of the central frequency and line width of individual resonances is however desirable in a number of applications including frequency conversion, optical communications and efficient light-matter coupling. To this end we present a detailed theoretical analysis of dielectric tuning of WGMs supported in axisymmetric resonators. Using the Bethe-Schwinger equation and adopting an angular spectrum field representation we study the resonance shift and mode broadening of high $Q$ WGMs when a planar dielectric substrate is brought close to the resonator. Particular focus is given to use of a uniaxial substrate with an arbitrarily aligned optic axis. Competing red and blue resonance shifts ($\sim 30$ MHz), deriving from generation of a near field material polarisation and back action from the radiation continuum respectively, are found. Anomalous resonance shifts can hence be observed depending on the substrate material, whereas mode broadening on the order of $\sim 50$ MHz can also be simply realised. Furthermore, polarisation selective coupling with extinction ratios of $> 10^4$ can be achieved when the resonator and substrate are of the same composition and their optic axes are chosen correctly. Double refraction and properties of out-coupled beams are also discussed

Nonequilibrium and Parity Effects in the Tunneling Conductance of Ultrasmall Superconducting Grains

Recent experiment on the tunneling spectra of ultrasmall superconducting grains revealed an unusual structure of the lowest differential conductance peak for grains in the odd charging states. We explain this behavior by nonequilibrium ``gapless'' excitations associated with different energy levels occupied by the unpaired electron. These excitations are generated by inelastic cotunneling.Comment: 4 pages, 2 .eps figures include