Movement and Homing of Sunfishes in Clear Lake

During the summer of 1964, pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus), bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) were taken by shocking in certain areas of Clear Lake, Iowa, marked with numbered jawtags, and displaced to other neighboring areas. Recaptures indicate that separate populations live in various parts of the lake. Recapture rates for pumpkinseeds and bluegills replaced in their home areas were higher than for those displaced to other areas. No correlation was shown between homing and distance displaced, but distances did not exceed 2200 feet. The larger fish showed a greater homing tendency. Home ranges are apparently maintained only for relatively short periods by these fish. Direct observation of homing indicated that green sunfish have a higher precision in orienting themselves and returning to the area of original capture than do the other two species

Perioperative Anesthetics and Adjuvant Anxiolytics for Cataract Surgery Patients

Cataract Surgery is one of the most common surgeries performed worldwide. It has high rates of success, and minimal adverse outcomes. In spite of the surgery’s effectiveness, patients frequently report perioperative anxiety. This anxiety is often treated with pharmacologic sedation; however, evidence suggests that this is unnecessary, and can lead to poorer patient outcomes. There is evidence that other adjuvant therapies exist which can decrease the need for higher levels of pharmacologic sedation; this paper explores some of these adjuvant therapies

Temperature dependence of binary and ternary recombination of H3+ ions with electron

We study binary and the recently discovered process of ternary He-assisted recombination of H3+ ions with electrons in a low temperature afterglow plasma. The experiments are carried out over a broad range of pressures and temperatures of an afterglow plasma in a helium buffer gas. Binary and He-assisted ternary recombination are observed and the corresponding recombination rate coefficients are extracted for temperatures from 77 K to 330 K. We describe the observed ternary recombination as a two-step mechanism: First, a rotationally-excited long-lived neutral molecule H3* is formed in electron-H3+ collisions. Second, the H3* molecule collides with a helium atom that leads to the formation of a very long-lived Rydberg state with high orbital momentum. We present calculations of the lifetimes of H3* and of the ternary recombination rate coefficients for para and ortho-H3+. The calculations show a large difference between the ternary recombination rate coefficients of ortho- and para-H3+ at temperatures below 300 K. The measured binary and ternary rate coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the calculated values.Comment: 15 page

Autophagy of mucin granules contributes to resolution of airway mucous metaplasia

Abstract Exacerbations of muco-obstructive airway diseases such as COPD and asthma are associated with epithelial changes termed mucous metaplasia (MM). Many molecular pathways triggering MM have been identified; however, the factors that regulate resolution are less well understood. We hypothesized that the autophagy pathway is required for resolution of MM by eliminating excess non-secreted intracellular mucin granules. We found increased intracellular levels of mucins Muc5ac and Muc5b in mice deficient in autophagy regulatory protein, Atg16L1, and that this difference was not due to defects in the known baseline or stimulated mucin secretion pathways. Instead, we found that, in mucous secretory cells, Lc3/Lamp1 vesicles colocalized with mucin granules particularly adjacent to the nucleus, suggesting that some granules were being eliminated in the autophagy pathway rather than secreted. Using a mouse model of MM resolution, we found increased lysosomal proteolytic activity that peaked in the days after mucin production began to decline. In purified lysosomal fractions, Atg16L1-deficient mice had reduced proteolytic degradation of Lc3 and Sqstm1 and persistent accumulation of mucin granules associated with impaired resolution of mucous metaplasia. In normal and COPD derived human airway epithelial cells (AECs), activation of autophagy by mTOR inhibition led to a reduction of intracellular mucin granules in AECs. Our findings indicate that during peak and resolution phases of MM, autophagy activity rather than secretion is required for elimination of some remaining mucin granules. Manipulation of autophagy activation offers a therapeutic target to speed resolution of MM in airway disease exacerbations

Boundary State from Ellwood Invariants

Boundary states are given by appropriate linear combinations of Ishibashi states. Starting from any OSFT solution and assuming Ellwood conjecture we show that every coefficient of such a linear combination is given by an Ellwood invariant, computed in a slightly modified theory where it does not trivially vanish by the on-shell condition. Unlike the previous construction of Kiermaier, Okawa and Zwiebach, ours is linear in the string field, it is manifestly gauge invariant and it is also suitable for solutions known only numerically. The correct boundary state is readily reproduced in the case of known analytic solutions and, as an example, we compute the energy momentum tensor of the rolling tachyon from the generalized invariants of the corresponding solution. We also compute the energy density profile of Siegel-gauge multiple lump solutions and show that, as the level increases, it correctly approaches a sum of delta functions. This provides a gauge invariant way of computing the separations between the lower dimensional D-branes.Comment: v2: 63 pages, 14 figures. Major improvements in section 2. Version published in JHE

Evaluation of the SPOT™ Photoscreener’s Efficacy for Detecting Amblyopia Risk Factors Compared to Optometrists’ Examinations in 305 South Dakota Children

Purpose: This study sought to further validate the efficacy of the SPOTTM photoscreener version (v) 3.0.0500 as a screening device for amblyopia risk factors (ARF). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study from five different western South Dakota outpatient clinics. Data from 610 eyes of 305 children aged 6 months to 13.5 years collected between July 2018 to September 2018 were analyzed, using both the out-of-box referral criteria and the 2013 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) referral criteria. Optometrist (eye care provider or ECP) cycloplegia practice patterns were deferred to each clinics’ specific protocols. Power vector and Bland-Altman plot analyses were performed. Results: The average age of the 305 children in the study population is 99.6 months (~8.3 years), with a total of 42% of these subjects receiving no dilating drops prior to testing. From these cases, the SPOTTM v3.0.0500 photoscreener evaluation parameters for detecting ARFs using the out-of-box referral criteria yielded an overall sensitivity (SN) of 95.2%, specificity (SP) of 91.9%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 81.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.1%; the SPOTTM v3.0.0500 photoscreener evaluation parameters for detecting ARFs using the 2013 AAPOS referral criteria yielded an overall SN of 96.3%, SP of 92.4%, PPV of 82.1%, and NPV of 98.6%. Conclusions: With SN and NPV values exceeding 95%, this study supports the efficacy of the SPOTTM v3.0.0500 photoscreener as a pediatric screening device to detect ARFs. Power vector analyses help to provide further objective comparisons of refractive measurements between photoscreening devices and refractive examinations

Identification of QTLs Associated with Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Barley Accession CIho 4196

Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zea (Schwein)], reduces quality of harvested barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) because of blighted kernels and the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin produced by the pathogen. CIho 4196, a two-rowed type, is one of the most resistant accessions known in barley; however, it possesses many undesirable agronomic traits. To better understand the genetics of reduced FHB severity and DON accumulation conferred by CIho 4196, a genetic map was generated using a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Foster (a six-rowed malting cultivar) and CIho 4196. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were performed using data obtained from 10 field environments. The possible associations of resistance QTLs and various agronomic and morphological traits in barley also were investigated. The centromeric region of chromosome 2H flanked by the markers ABG461C and MWG882A (bins 6–10) likely (P\u3c0.001) contains two QTLs contributing to lower FHB severity and plant height, and one QTL each for DON accumulation, days to heading, and rachis node number. The QTL for low FHB severity in the bin 8 region explained from 3 to 9% of the variation, while the QTL in the bin 10 region explained from 17 to 60% of the variation. A QTL for DON accumulation that explained 9 to 14% of the variation was found in the bin 2 region of chromosome 4H. This may represent a new QTL not present in other FHB resistant sources. Resistance QTLs in the bin 8 region and bin 10 region of chromosome 2HL were provisionally designated Qrgz-2H-8 and Qrgz-2H-10, respectively. The QTL for DON accumulation in chromosome 4H was provisionally named QDON-4H-2

Uncertainties and opportunities in delivering environmentally sustainable surgery:the surgeons' view

Surgery is a carbon‐heavy activity and creates a high volume of waste. Surgical teams around the world want to deliver more environmentally sustainable surgery but are unsure what to do and how to create change. There are many interventions available, but resources and time are limited. Capital investment into healthcare and engagement of senior management are challenging. However, frontline teams can change behaviours and drive wider change. Patients have a voice here too, as they would like to ensure their surgery does not harm their local community but are concerned about the effects on them when changes are made. Environmentally sustainable surgery is at the start of its journey. Surgeons need to rapidly upskill their generic knowledge base, identify which measures they can implement locally and take part in national research programmes. Surgical teams in the NHS have the chance to create a world‐leading programme that can bring change to hospitals around the world. This article provides an overview of how surgeons see the surgical team being involved in environmentally sustainable surgery