Asymptotic function for multi-growth surfaces using power-law noise

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the multiaffine exponent $\alpha_q$ and multi-growth exponent $\beta_q$ of ballistic deposition growth for noise obeying a power-law distribution. The simulated values of $\beta_q$ are compared with the asymptotic function $\beta_q = \frac{1}{q}$ that is approximated from the power-law behavior of the distribution of height differences over time. They are in good agreement for large $q$. The simulated $\alpha_q$ is found in the range $\frac{1}{q} \leq \alpha_q \leq \frac{2}{q+1}$. This implies that large rare events tend to break the KPZ universality scaling-law at higher order $q$.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

The Arctic Environmental Drifting Buoy (AEDB) : report of field operations and results, August, 1987 - April 1988

There are strong reasons to gather data on polar oceanogrphy and climatology in real time using fully automated, unattended instrumentation systems for long periods; particularly during the inaccessible winter months when moving ice is extremely hazardous. We deployed an Artic Environmental Drifting Buoy (AEDB) on 4 August 1987 at 86°7'N, 22°3'E off of the FS Polarstern on a large 3.7 m thick ice island. The AEDB consisted of 2 major components: a 147 cm diameter surface float housing ARGOS transmitters and a data logger for ice-profiling thermistors, and a 125 m long mooring line attached to the sphere and fed though a 1m diameter ice hole. Along the mooring were deployed 2 fluorometers, conductivity and temperature loggers, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), a current meter, and a time-series sediment trap/micro-filter pump/transmissometer unit. The AEDB proceeded southwesterly with the Transpolar Drift at an average speed of 15.3 km/day, with a maximum speed of 88.8 km/day. On 2 January 1988, the AEDB dropped into the water while passing through the Fram Strait and for the remaining drift period was either free-floating on the water surface or underneath the sea ice. Throughout this period, the transmitters onboard successfully transmitted position, temperature, and strain caused by ice on the sphere. Although the sediment trap package was lost during the drift, valuable data was collected by the other instruments throughout the experiment. The ice thermistor data was used to determine oceanic heat flux, while continuous ADCP observations over the Yermak Plateau provided a wealth of information for understanding internal waves in the ice-covered ocean. The buoy was recovered by the Icelandic ship R/S Arni Fridriksson on 15 April 1988 at 65°17'N, 31°38'W, off southeatern Greenland, completing 3,900km of drift in 255 days. We are in the process of constructing the next automated stations which are planned for deployment in both the north and south polar regions in 1991-92.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research, through grant Number NOOOI4-87,88,89,J-1288

RNA-Seq reveals virus–virus and virus–plant interactions in nature

As research on plant viruses has focused mainly on crop diseases, little is known about these viruses in natural environments. To understand the ecology of viruses in natural systems, comprehensive information on virus–virus and virus–host interactions is required. We applied RNA-Seq to plants from a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera to simultaneously determine the presence/absence of all sequence-reported viruses, identify novel viruses and quantify the host transcriptome. By introducing the criteria of read number and genome coverage, we detected infections by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Cucumber mosaic virus and Brassica yellows virus. Active TuMV replication was observed by ultramicroscopy. De novo assembly further identified a novel partitivirus, Arabidopsis halleri partitivirus 1. Interestingly, virus reads reached a maximum level that was equivalent to that of the host's total mRNA, although asymptomatic infection was common. AhgAGO2, a key gene in host defence systems, was upregulated in TuMV-infected plants. Multiple infection was frequent in TuMV-infected leaves, suggesting that TuMV facilitates multiple infection, probably by suppressing host RNA silencing. Revealing hidden plant–virus interactions in nature can enhance our understanding of biological interactions and may have agricultural applications

Temporal and spatial variability in sedimentation in the Black Sea : cruise report R/V Knorr 134-8, Black Sea Leg 1, April 16-May 7, 1988

This document represents the cruise report of the highly successful Leg 1 of the R/V Knorr cruise to the Black Sea (Cruise 134-8) as a joint Turkish-American Oceanographic Expedition (Izmir to Istanbul, April 16 to May 7,1988). The focus of Leg 1 was to study the biogeohemical variability in sedimentation in the present and throughout the anoxic history of the Black Sea with high spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, this study involved the integrated study of water column fluxes (sediment traps, suspended sediment investigations, etc.), benthic boundary layer ("fluff layer"), and laminated bottom sediments (box cores, giant gravity cores). Highlights of the cruise include the collection of 62 giant gravity cores, and 30 box cores with perfectly laminated sediment and, for the first time ever, with the intact fluff layer. Three moorings with time-series sediment traps were deployed in the abyssal regions of the eastern, central, and western Black Sea to collect continuous samples over a time period of about 1 year and 3 months. Summarized in the cruise report are logistics of the cruise, sample collections and descriptions, and preliminary discussions of observations and first measurements.Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under various grants to shipboard participant

Detection of diurnal variation of tomato transcriptome through the molecular timetable method in a sunlight-type plant factory

The timing of measurement during plant growth is important because many genes are expressed periodically and orchestrate physiological events. Their periodicity is generated by environmental fluctuations as external factors and the circadian clock as the internal factor. The circadian clock orchestrates physiological events such as photosynthesis or flowering and it enables enhanced growth and herbivory resistance. These characteristics have possible applications for agriculture. In this study, we demonstrated the diurnal variation of the transcriptome in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves through molecular timetable method in a sunlight-type plant factory. Molecular timetable methods have been developed to detect periodic genes and estimate individual internal body time from these expression profiles in mammals. We sampled tomato leaves every 2 h for 2 days and acquired time-course transcriptome data by RNA-Seq. Many genes were expressed periodically and these expressions were stable across the 1st and 2nd days of measurement. We selected 143 time-indicating genes whose expression indicated periodically, and estimated internal time in the plant from these expression profiles. The estimated internal time was generally the same as the external environment time; however, there was a difference of more than 1 h between the two for some sampling points. Furthermore, the stress-responsive genes also showed weakly periodic expression, implying that they were usually expressed periodically, regulated by light–dark cycles as an external factor or the circadian clock as the internal factor, and could be particularly expressed when the plant experiences some specific stress under agricultural situations. This study suggests that circadian clock mediate the optimization for fluctuating environments in the field and it has possibilities to enhance resistibility to stress and floral induction by controlling circadian clock through light supplement and temperature control

Generation of a time-bin Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger state with an optical switch

Multipartite entanglement is a critical resource in quantum information processing that exhibits much richer phenomenon and stronger correlations than in bipartite systems. This advantage is also reflected in its multi-user applications. Although many demonstrations have used photonic polarization qubits, polarization-mode dispersion confines the transmission of photonic polarization qubits through an optical fiber. Consequently, time-bin qubits have a particularly important role to play in quantum communication systems. Here, we generate a three-photon time-bin Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state using a 2 x 2 optical switch as a time-dependent beam splitter to entangle time-bin Bell states from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source and a weak coherent pulse. To characterize the three-photon time-bin GHZ state, we performed measurement estimation, showed a violation of the Mermin inequality, and used quantum state tomography to fully reconstruct a density matrix, which shows a state fidelity exceeding 70%. We expect that our three-photon time-bin GHZ state can be used for long-distance multi-user quantum communication.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Scaling Relations of Viscous Fingers in Anisotropic Hele-Shaw Cells

Viscous fingers in a channel with surface tension anisotropy are numerically studied. Scaling relations between the tip velocity v, the tip radius and the pressure gradient are investigated for two kinds of boundary conditions of pressure, when v is sufficiently large. The power-law relations for the anisotropic viscous fingers are compared with two-dimensional dendritic growth. The exponents of the power-law relations are theoretically evaluated.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure